1. Main Types of Industrial Material
Metals and Alloys
Ceramics
Polymeric Materials
Composites

2. Mohs Scale of hardness 1 Talc 2 Gypsum 3 Calcite 9 4 Fluorite 21 5
Apatite 48 6
Feldspar 72 7
Quartz
100 8
Topaz
200
Corundum
400 10
Diamond
1600
Mohs Scale of hardness

3. Properties of Materials
Strength
Hardness
Toughness
Ductility /malleability
Elastic Modulus
Density
Electrical Conductivity
Magnetic Properties
Nuclear Properties
Melting Point
High Temperature Strength / Hardness
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Expansion
Corrosion / Oxidation Resistance

4. Hardness Test

5. Indentation Hardness Tests

6. Tensile Test

7. Tensile Test Machine

8. Tensile Test Graph

9. Tensile Strength at elevated Temperatures

10. Toughness (inverse of Brittleness)

11. Toughness (inverse of Brittleness)

12. Broken Notch-Toughness Specimens

13. Properties and Structure
The properties of a material, i.e., its hardness, strength, etc. are all dependent on the chemical constituents, and that how these constituents are distributed in the body of the material, i.e., on the ‘microstructure’.
The microstructure of most materials can be modified by various techniques.