1. Analog to Digital Encoding

2. Analog to Digital Encoding
Figure 5-15
Analog to Digital Encoding

3. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Sample analog signal (measuring the amplitude of signal at equal time interval)

4. Quantized PAM Signal
Quantizes the PAM pulse: Assigning integral values in a specific range to sample instances.

5. Quantizing Using Sign and Magnitude
Each value is translated into its 7-bit binary equivalent.
The 8th bit indicates the sign

6. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
+048
The binary digits are transformed into a digital signal using
one of the digital-to-digital encoding techniques

7. From Analog to PCM

8. From Analog to PCM

9. From Analog to PCM

10. From Analog to PCM

11. Sampling Rate The accuracy depends on the number of samples taken
How many samples are sufficient?
Nyquist theorem :
The sampling rate must be at least two times the highest frequency of the original signal

12. Nyquist Theorem
A sample rate of twice the frequency of x Hz means that the signal must be
sampled at every ½ x seconds