1. Chapter 2 the Rise of Civilizations
Egypt, Eastern Mediterranean, Indus Valley, Rise of China, Civilizations in the Americas

2. The rise of egypt

3. Geography Nile River River flooded every year, left rich soil
Upper Egypt-Nile Delta
Lower Egypt- Along the Nile
River flooded every year, left rich soil
Made traveling very fast
Deserts to the west and east, Mediterranean to the north provide protection
All created a feeling of security/changelessness

4. Time Period Begins around 3100 B.C.- Upper and Lower united
Old Kingdom from B.C.
Powerful rulers, term pharaoh became popular
Middle Kingdom from B.C.
Stability/ expansion
New Kingdom from B.C.
New Pharaoh reunites Egypt, becomes militaristic

5. Government
Dynasty-family of rulers whose right to rule is passed within family
Pharaoh-”great house” or “palace” was most popular title
Kingship was a divine institution
wanted ultimate power, needed help- had a bureaucracy

6. Interactions/Development
Isolated and protected by geography around them
Developed from old-middle-new kingdom
People felt stable and prosperous
Traded up and down the Nile

7. Beliefs Kingship was divine
Pyramids were built to preserve life after death
No word for religion
Were polytheistic
Egyptian ruler “Son of Re”
Parents arranged marriages
Husband was master, women were respected

8. Technology Pyramids Mummification Mathematics 365 day calendar
Still puzzling how they were so accurate
Mummification
Slowly drying a dead body
Remove liver, lungs, stomach and intestines
Salt poured on body and wrapped in cloth
Mathematics
Geometry for flooding/monuments
365 day calendar

9. Writing Hieroglyphics- “priest carvings” or “sacred writings”
Complex, pictures, used on temple walls
Hieratic script-
Used for general life, represented by dashes/strokes/curves

10. Art/Architechture Pyramids Art had specific requirements
Show great forms of monuments as well as beautiful works of art
Art had specific requirements
Sculptures had to show profile, semi-profile, and frontal

11. Eastern Mediterranean

12. Geography Lived on the coasts of Mediterranean Sea
Northern Africa, Southern Spain, Western Asia

13. Time Period Phoenecians- 1000B.C.-700 B.C.
Israelites- 1200B.C.- 300B.C.
Minoans- 2800B.C.-1450B.C.

14. Government
Phoenicians had a kingship- with divine right, but was controlled by wealthy people as well
Israelites- Kingship
Had different tribes, religion played a big part in laws
Minoans- kingship

15. Interactions/Development
Pastoral nomads- followed migratory routes to feed animals
Went through different empires, brought technology with them
Western Asia left with no power
Phoenicians-trade is basis of prosperity, trade empire
Israelites-religion influenced modern day Christianity and Judaism
Minoans- traded pots and gold and silver, helped them become prosperous

16. Beliefs
Israelites
- written down in the Hebrew Bible- known to Christians as the Old Testament
Judaism=monotheistic(one god)
Covenant, law, and prophets
Followed the Torah
Unique in that it was one God, all people could communicate with god, not just priests, wouldn’t accept gods of conquerers

17. Technology
Phoenicians- Alphabet- 22 signs to represent 22 sounds, passed to the Greeks, then Romans, then us.
Minoans- structures similar to a labyrinth
Elaborate buildings- bathrooms

18. Writing
Phoenician- 22 sound alphabet
Israelites- Hebrew

19. Art/Architecture
Minoans had great elaborate buildings decorated with large paintings of events
Suffered a sudden collapse, some believe tidal way triggered by volcano, most believe invasion by mainland greeks

20. The indus valley

21. Geography
India’s geography includes mountains, river valleys, a dry plateau, and fertile coastal plains
Himalayas
Ganges River
Indus River Valley
Primary feature is the monsoon
Indian farmers depend on the heavy rains
If early or late, crops are destroyed and people starve

22. Time 3000 B.C.- 1500 B.C. advanced civilizations flourished
Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro are to of the main cities in the area

23. Government
Rulers within the cities of the Indus Valley governed through the control of trade and religion rather than military strength
Believed in divine assistance
Evidence of a well-organized government because of such structured cities
Many small kingdoms, often fighting

24. Interaction/development
Mysterious end- around 1800 B.C.
Floods, earthquake, climate change, settlements, change in the course of the river
1500 B.C. shift in culture because of indo-European nomadic people
Aryan people specifically had a big impact
They gave up nomadic culture and introduced iron to the Indus Valley People

25. Beliefs Not much known about religion
Seems to be primitive, polytheistic
Belief in the superiority of men
Men could take a second wife if the first was unable to bear children
Ritual of suttee-
Required a wife to throw herself on her dead husband’s funeral pyre

26. Technology Houses/buildings made from Mud Bricks
Built new houses on old ones as they crumbled, cities grew higher and higher
Mohenjo Daro’s Great Bath

27. Writing
No has yet been able to translate their original writing which was symbols
Around 1000 B.C. they started Sanskrit which they were able to record legends and religious rituals

28. Art/Architecture
Very advanced cities, public wells, drainage systems in bathrooms, trash shoots, roads
They were advanced pottery makers, art often depicted animals to represent gods

29. china

30. Geography Huang He, or Yellow River brought yellow silt to the area
Only 10 percent is suitable for farming
Mountains and desserts isolated the Chinese people
Climate is different depending on the area

31. Time Dates back over 6,000 years Shang Dynasty- 1750-1045 B.C.
Zhou Dynast B.C.

32. Government
Shang Dynasty- Aristocracy(wealth passes from one generation to the next)
Royal family was top, then aristocracy, then peasants, then slaves
Rulers could communicate with gods
Zhou Dynast- similar to Shangeclaimed Mandate of Heaven
Kept same pattern of land ownership, peasants work inner plots for lord, outer plots for themselves

33. Interactions/Development
Isolated from other groups
Groups they did come into contact with=conflict

34. Beliefs Leaders could talk to gods Mandate of Heaven Filial Piety
Oracle Bones
Mandate of Heaven
Double edged sword
Filial Piety
People should be subordinate to the male head of the family

35. Technology
Roads and canals were built to stimulate trade and agriculture.
Coined money was introduced, which further improved trade.
Blast furnaces that produced cast iron were developed.

36. Writing
Pictographic(represent objects) and ideographic(combine to make an idea)
Evolved for 4000 years, never fully abandoned original

37. Art/Architecture
Earliest Chinese painting was ornamental, not representational.
patterns or designs, not pictures. Stone Age pottery was painted with spirals, zigzags, dots, and lines.
Very rarely was pottery painted with human figures or animals.

38. MesoAmerica

39. Geography Olmec located on Gulf of Mexico Farmed along riverbanks
Teotihuacan lived in a fertile valley- very rich farming

40. Time Period Olmec declined in 400 B.C-not sure why
Zapotec started around 500B.C abandoned around 800A.D.- not sure why
Teoticuan arose around 250 B.C. 800 A.D destroyed and abandoned
Caral- appears around 2500 B.C. abandoned around 1500B.C.
Chavin began arund 900B.C. declined 200B.C. unknown why

41. Government
Olmec civilization was highly centralized, and focused mainly on the aspect of sacrifice.
Sometimes inviting neighboring villages, they would offer their blood and lives to their gods.
Giant stone heads were made to commemorate the chiefs and leaders that they had

42. Interactions/Development
Most civilizations were abandoned or declined for unknown reasons
Traded between themselves for jade and obsidian for tools

43. Beliefs Most were polytheistic society. Maize God, lord of fertility
Jaguar God, lord of the Underworld
obsidian found in Teotihuacan-volcanic glass used in sacrifice

44. Technology Olmec- No metal tools, must have used stone
Not a lot of weapons
Calendar, stone ball games

45. Writing Zapotec had written language that has not been deciphered
Chavin had simple writing

46. Art/Architecture
Huge stone heads/figures represented past leaders and rulers, or gods
experimented with making jade jewelry.
Pyramids for religious rituals