1. Environmental Controls I/IG
Lecture 5
Electrical Power Management
Utility Rate Structures

2. Environmental Controls I/IG
Electrical Power Management

3. “Facts of Life”
Utilities are licensed to provide sufficient capacity to maintain expected demands
New power plants are expensive to license and construct
Nuclear
Hydroelectric
Natural Gas
Oil
Coal
All pose safety concerns to humans or the environment

4. Sources of Electrical Power
Coal 51
Nuclear 20
Natural Gas 17
Water 7
Petroleum 3
Other 2
Total 100%

5. Future Sources of Electrical Power
Coal 38
Nuclear 15
Natural Gas 23
Water --
Petroleum 6
Other
Total 100%

6. Emerging Technologies/Strategies
Supply Side Management
Wind
Photovoltaics
Tidal
Biomass: “Waste to Energy”
Demand Side Management
Conservation vs New Construction
Design Practice Initiatives
Design Certifications
Stewardship of the Built Environment

7. Supply Side Management
Wind

8. Supply Side Management
Photovoltaics

9. Supply Side Management
Biomass: “Waste to Energy”

10. Supply Side Management
Tidal

11. Demand Side Management
Conservation instead of New Construction

12. Demand Side Management
Consumption Control:
More efficient lamps
More efficient motors
More efficient appliances
Controls (occupancy sensors, etc.)

13. Demand Side Management
Demand Control:
Manual (timers, management)
Automated (EMS, BAS, PC)
Loads:
Sheddable
Non-sheddable
S: F p.1157

14. Demand Side Management
Utility Incentives:
Time of Day Rates: load shifting
Demand Reduction Rebates: demand limiting
Equipment Rebates: consumption reduction
Contract Renegotiation: cost reduction
UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MI AKA Associates, 1988

15. Demand Side Management
Industry Incentives:
Partnering
Energy Codes
Tax Credits
“Green Lights” program
UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MI AKA Associates, 1988

16. Design Practice Initiatives
Design Certifications:
LEED
Energy Star
Green Globes
Phillip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis MD SmithGroup, 2000

17. Design Practice Initiatives
Stewardship of the Built Environment
=Historic Preservation + Sustainability
Conserves resources
Reduces material streams
Revitalizes neighborhoods
Maintains “sense of place”
Increases livability
Big-D Construction Headquarters, Salt Lake City, UT GSBS, 2005
1st LEED “GOLD” building in Utah

18. Environmental Controls II/IIG
Utility Rate Structures

19. Utility Rate Structures
Billing Components
Connection Charge
Consumption
Demand
Power Factor
S: F p. 1157

20. Utility Rate Structures
Block Rate
$X1 for first Y1 kwh
$X2 for next Y2 kwh …
Energy Charge
$X per kwh

21. Utility Rate Structures
Ratchet Clause
Charge to insure capacity based on previous peak demand
PEAK DEMAND
AVG DEMAND

22. Utility Rate Structures
Time of Day Rates
$X1/kwh for on peak hours
$X2/kwh for off peak hours …
Uninterruptible Power Supply

23. Example Large General Service Rate $11.25/month service connection
Demand charge: $9.72/kw
Energy charge: $0.0682/kwh first 200 kwh
$0.0632/kwh for remainder
Ratchet clause: 11 month

24. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW Month Kwh KW 1 750 30

25. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet
$351.25
$269.07
$252.39
$358.05
$390.37
$232.32
$253.03
$199.37
$224.50
$255.55
$263.38
$274.99
$3,324.27

26. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW
Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet w/ratchet
$ $351.25
$ $346.83
$ $339.87
$ $358.05
$ $390.37
$ $387.84
$ $389.11
$ $384.05
$ $389.74
$ $391.63
$ $389.74
$ $391.63
$3, $4, %