1. World History
Ch. 10 “Europe in the Middle Ages”

4. Section 1: Peasants, Trade & Cities

6. Daily Objectives
1. Discuss the new farming practices, the growth of trade, & the rise of cities that created a flourishing European society.
2. Explain how the revival of trade & the development of a money economy offered new opportunities for people.

7. I. The New Agriculture
Population doubled
Causes: Europe was more settled, stable & peaceful
dramatic expansion in food production
change in climate

8. The New Agriculture
more land was cultivated as peasants cut down trees & drained swamps
new technology, labor-saving devices
Wind & water power

9. Harnessing the Power of Water and Wind
Watermills use the power of running water to do work. The watermill was invented as early as the second century B.C. It was not used much in the Roman Empire because the Romans had many slaves and had no need to mechanize. In the High Middle Ages, watermills became easier to build as the use of metals became more common. In 1086, the survey of English land known as the Domesday Book listed about six thousand watermills in England.

10. The New Agriculture
New devices made from iron
Scythes, axes & hoes
saws, hammers & nails
*carruca, a heavy wheeled plow with an iron plowshare
Turn over heavy clay soils

12. The New Agriculture
*Two new inventions for the horse made it possible to plow faster
1. A new collar
2. The use of the horseshoe

14. The New Agriculture
The shift from a 2-field to a 3-field system of crop rotation added to the increase in food production
kept the soil from being exhausted so quickly, which allowed more crops to be grown

15. http://nutrients. ifas. ufl

16. three-field
600
to avoid wearing out the soil
450

17. II. The Manorial System
*manor - an agricultural estate run by a lord & worked by peasants
serfs - or peasants
Serfs had to provide labor services, pay rents, & be subject to the lord’s control

18. II. The Manorial System
By 800, 60% of the people in western Europe were serfs
Serfs cultivated 1/3 to ½ for their lords, they worked the other half for themselves
Serfs paid rent by giving the lords a share of every product

19. II. The Manorial System
Serfs also paid the lords to use pasturelands, woodlands, streams, and ponds.
Peasants also paid a tithe (a tenth of their produce) to the church
Serfs could not leave the manor with the lord’s permission

20. II. The Manorial System
Could not marry anyone outside the manor without the lord’s approval
Serfs had to pay for certain services, such as having their grain ground into flour in the lord’s mill

21. II. The Manorial System
Serfs were not slaves
Land could not be taken away
Duty of the lord to protect his serfs, giving them the safety they needed to grow crops

22. III. Daily Life of the Peasantry
Simple life
Two room homes, one for cooking & eating the other for sleeping
A hearth in the main room was used for heating & cooking
No windows or chimney

23. A. Cycle of Labor
Seasons of the year largely determined peasant activities
Harvest time in August & Sept.
Oct. worked the ground for farming
Nov. the slaughter

24. A. Cycle of Labor
Feb. & March the land was plowed for the planting of spring crops
Early summer was a fairly relaxed time
Also worked the lords land
Feast days, or holidays

25. A. Cycle of Labor
A total of more than 50 days were essentially holidays
Village church, play a crucial part of manorial life
Women worked the fields and bore children

26. B. Food & Drink
Basic staple was bread
Contained wheat, rye but also barley, millet and oats
Vegetables, cheese from cow’s or goat’s milk, nuts, berries, fruits; apples, pears, & cherries
Eggs, & meat only on feast days

27. B. Food & Drink
Pure source of water was not easy to find
Grains for making ale
Wine for the upper class, ale was the drink of the poor
3 gallons of ale a day

29. This medieval manuscript page shows a London scene
Somersaulting was done for entertainment and leisure in medieval London

30. IV. The Revival of Trade
Associated growth of towns & cities
Italian cities took the lead
Venice, with close ties to the Byzantine Empire
Developed a merchant fleet

31. IV. The Revival of Trade
Flanders near present-day Belgium & northern France
Known for its much desired, high-quality woolen cloth
Location made it ideal for the traders of northern Europe

32. IV. The Revival of Trade
Trade fairs brought fur, woolen cloth, tin, hemp & honey
Exchanged for cloth, swords, silks, sugar & spices
As trade increased, demand for gold & silver coins arose

33. The Revival of Trade
*money economy - an economic system based on money, rather than barter
*commercial capitalism - an economic system in which people invested in trade & goods in order to make profits

35. V. The Growth of Cities
Revival of trade led to a revival of cities

36. A. Cities Old & New
Merchants began to settle in the old Roman cities
followed by craftspeople & artisans
goods could be sold by the merchants

37. Cities Old & New
New cities in towns especially in northern Europe
merchants built settlement near a castle for protection
*merchants & artisans of these cities later came to be called bourgeoisie

38. Cities Old & New
1200’s London - England’s largest city
Italian cities of Venice, Florence & Milan

39. B. City Government
Towns depended on the surrounding manors
towns were often part of the territory belonging to a lord & were subject to his authority
Townspeople needed freedom to trade

40. City Government
Lords & kings were willing to sell the townspeople their liberties
right to buy & sell property
freedom from military service
freedom of the townspeople
right for an escaped serf to become a free person

41. City Government
People gained these basic liberties
towns began to govern themselves
Developed their own governments for running the affairs of the community

42. City Government
Only males born in the city, who lived there some time were citizens
Elections were carefully rigged to make sure that only *patricians - members of the wealthiest & most powerful families were elected

43. VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City
Cities had narrow, winding streets
Houses were crowded
Danger of fire was great
Cities were dirty & smelled from animal & human waste
Air pollution from coal

45. VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City
Unable to stop water pollution
Butchers dumped blood, tanners unloaded tannic acids, dried blood, fat, hair and other waste products into the water
Public baths

46. VI. Daily Life in the Medieval City
Women expected to supervise the household, prepare meals, raise the children & manage the family’s finances
Help husband in their trades
Some became brewers, weavers & hat makers

47. VII. Industry & Guilds
Cities & towns became important centers for manufacturing
cloth, metalwork's, shoes & leather goods
craftspeople organized into
*guilds -or business associations

48. VII. Industry & Guilds
Tanners, carpenters & bakers
Specialized groups such as dealers in silk, spices, wool or money (banking)
set standards for quality
methods of production
fixed prices

49. VII. Industry & Guilds
Apprentice, a person who wanted to learn a trade
were not paid
After 7 years they became a journeymen & worked for wages for other masters

50. Industry & Guilds
masterpiece - a finished piece
This piece allowed a master craftspeople of the guild to judge whether a journeymen was qualified to become a master & join a guild

51. Section 2: Christianity & Medieval Civilization

53. I. The Papal Monarchy
Popes claimed supremacy over the affairs of the Church
Papal states territories in central Italy
Popes involved in political matters, at the expense of spiritual ones

54. I. The Papal Monarchy
Bishops & abbots came to hold offices as grants from nobles
Often cared little about spiritual duties

55. A. Reform of the Papacy
Church leaders needed to be free of interference from lords in the appointment of church officials
Secular, or lay rulers (nobles) usually both chose nominees to church offices & gave them the symbols of their office, a practice known as *lay investiture

56. A. Reform of the Papacy
Pope Gregory VII decided to fight this practice
Said, the pope was God’s “vicar on earth” & that the pope’s authority extended over all the Christian world, including its rulers

57. A. Reform of the Papacy
Gregory meant the right of the Church to appoint clergy and run its own affairs
Rulers did not accept this
Gregory found himself in conflict with Henry IV, the king of Germany over this issue

58. A. Reform of the Papacy
*The struggle between Pope Gregory VII & Henry IV is known as the lay investiture Controversy
*Concordat of Worms settled the dispute

59. B. The Church Supreme
Pope Innocent III continued with Pope Gregory’s VII reforms to strengthen papal power
*interdict a decree by the pope that forbade priests to give the sacraments of the church to the people (pg. 325)

60. B. The Church Supreme
*Sacraments, Christian rites (baptism, marriage & Eucharist (Communion)
Interdiction deprived the people of the comforts of religion

61. II. New Religious Orders

62. A. A New Activism
Cistercians new order of monks
Strict
Ate simple diet, each had one robe
All decorations were eliminated
More time for pray & manual labor

63. A. A New Activism
Cistercians took their religion to the people outside the monastery

64. B. Women in Religious Orders
*Hildegard of Bingen, German nun
Important composer of Gregorian chant

65. C. The Franciscans & the Dominicans
Franciscans founded by*Saint Francis of Assisi
Abandon all worldly goods & materials & to live & preach in poverty, working & begging for food
Became very popular

66. C. The Franciscans & the Dominicans
Dominicans founded by a Spanish priest, Dominic de Guzman
Wanted to defend Church teachings from heresy, the denial of basic church doctrines
Heretics people who deny church doctrines

67. D. The Inquisition
Method used to discover & deal with heretics was called the *Inquisition, a court established by the Catholic Church in 1232 to discover & try heretics; also called the Holy Office (pg. 326)

68. D. The Inquisition
Those did not confess voluntarily were tortured until they confessed
In the minds of the church, they used force to save souls from damnation

69. http://www. millennium-ride

70. III. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
Veneration of saints became popular
Jesus Christ’s apostles
Saint Nicholas (Santa Claus)
Virgin Mary

71. Saints

72. III. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
*Relics, bones or other objects connected with saints; considered worthy of worship by the faithful (pg. 328)
Pilgrimage to a holy shrine
Visit the Holy city of Jerusalem

74. 1. Mayor, Justice of the Peace; 2
1. Mayor, Justice of the Peace; 2. local government, private institutions; 3. vocational schools, apprenticeship; 4. printers, publishers