1. Nick Beresford (CEH) & David Copplestone (Stirling Univ.)

2. Code which implements the USDOEs Graded approach (replaces BCG-calculator) Part of the RESRAD suite of models Freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems Database contains 46 radionuclides Four organisms – terrestrial animal, terrestrial plant, riparian animal and aquatic animal Can create organisms & simple foodchains www.ceh.ac.uk/PROTECT

3. Available at no cost for download on-line Comparatively well documented Being maintained and upgraded Training available

4. www.ead.anl.gov/resrad/home2/

5. BDAC Series of paper in: Woodhead, D.S. (Ed.), 2003. Protection of the environment from ionising radiation. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 66.

6. Tiers are Levels CRs are Bivs EMCLs are BCGs (Biota Concentration Guides) DCCs are DCFs (Dose Conversion Factor) www.ceh.ac.uk/PROTECT

7. RESRAD-BIOTA Level

8. Based on NCRP & IAEA set dose limits for protection of: Aquatic animals - 10 mGy d -1 Terrestrial plants - 10 mGy d -1 Terrestrial animals - 1 mGy d -1

9. Estimated assuming: Infinitely large (internal) and small (external) geometries for dose calculations Daughter T 1/2 s up to 100 y included All terrestrial organisms 100% in soil; aquatic 100% water-sediment interface Maximum CR values or 95th percentile CR values predicted using a kinetic- allometric approach

11. Screening assessment - Levels 1 Cs-137 water 10 Bq/l sediment 1000 Bq/kg Am-241 sediment 1000 Bq/kg Cf-252 water 1 Bq/kg Use 10 µGy/h screening level (2.4E-4 Gy/d)

12. Run the freshwater and terrestrial scenarios from the ERICA Tier 1 practical Use ERICA screening value 10 µGy/h Leave out the radionuclides which are not included in RESRAD www.ceh.ac.uk/PROTECT

13. RadionuclideFreshwater (Bq/l) H-34 Co-600.3 Cs-1370.3 Pu-2390.04 RadionuclideSoil (Bq/kg) Cs-13710 Am-2410.3 Pu-239170 Co-600.1 Sr-901.3

15. Site specific CR values available for aquatic animal: Co 1500; Cs 9000; H 0.25; Pu 200 www.ceh.ac.uk/PROTECT RadionuclideFreshwater (Bq/l) H-34 Co-600.3 Cs-1370.3 Pu-2390.04

17. Also uses CRs (or Bivs), but:

18. Soil contamination Fugitive dust Vegetation Soil invertebrate Herbivorous mammals Herbivorous birds Carnivorous mammals Water contamination Root uptake Can use kinetic-allometric approach with simple foodchains for terrestrial/riparian vertebrates

19. Size effects rates of all biological structures and processes from cellular metabolism to population dynamics The dependence of a biological variable Y on a body mass M is typically characterised by an allometric scaling law of the form: Y = aM b where a and b are constants

20. b most often = quartile values: b most often = quartile values: metabolic rates scale as M 0.75 M 0.75 is often referred to as metabolic live-weight life-span scales as M 0.25 food, water and inhalation rates scale as M 0.75 All potential useful for radioecological models, but: www.ceh.ac.uk/PROTECT

21. For (some) radionuclides both the biological half-life (often M 0.25 ) and transfer from diet (M -0.75 ) have been found to scale allometrically RESRAD-BIOTA uses allometric relationships for radionuclide biological half- lives and a number of other animal parameters (e.g. food & water intake, life- span, inhalation rate) for terrestrial and riparian vertebrates www.ceh.ac.uk/PROTECT

22. kg/d T1/2 =13.22*(mass 0.237 ) www.ceh.ac.uk/PROTECT

23. kg/d T1/2 =13.22*(mass 0.237 ) Ff=8.89*(mass -0.73 ) Transfer coefficient F f ( d kg -1 ) = Equilibrium activity concentration in animal (Bq kg -1 FW) Daily intake of radionuclide (Bq d -1 )

24. kg/d T1/2 =13.22*(mass 0.237 ) Ff=8.89*(mass -0.73 ) DMI=0.0551*(mass 0.74 )

25. kg/d T1/2 =13.22*(mass 0.237 ) Ff=8.89*(mass -0.73 ) DMI=0.0551*(mass 0.74 )

26. kg/d T1/2 =13.22*(mass 0.237 ) Ff=8.89*(mass -0.73 ) DMI=0.0551*(mass 0.74 ) Bq/kg = Ff x DMI Transfer coefficient F f ( d kg -1 ) = Equilibrium activity concentration in animal (Bq kg -1 FW) Daily intake of radionuclide (Bq d -1 )

27. Create an organism and foodchain

28. RESRAD-BIOTA Level 3 Soil activity concentrations are available: Cs-137 1000 Bq/kg Pu-239 550 Bq/kg Water concentration: Cs-137 1 Bq/kg Pu-239 1E-3 Bq/kg Alpha RBE=10; Cut-off half-life=180 Dormouse characteristics: Size – 9x3x3 cm Weight - 30 g Occupancy – 50% in soil/50% on soil

29. RESRAD-BIOTA Level 3 Diet – 70 % seeds and 30 % invertebrates Concentration ratios for dormouse diet Seed Cs-137 0.7 Pu-239 5E-3 Invertebrate Cs-137 0.13 Pu-239 0.1