1. Living with the physical environment
Image used courtesy of the US Geological Survey. hvo.wr.usgs.gov/kilauea/history/1990Kalapana/
Starter: Write five sentences in five minutes about this image.

2. Living with the physical environment
What do you understand by these four terms?
Magnitude
Frequency
Proportion
Ratio
– the size, or relative importance of something
- is the number of times the data value occurs
- is the fraction of the total
– is the relative sizes of two or more values
Seismogram used courtesy of the US Geological Survey. earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=seismogram

3. Year of major hurricane
Dates and names of major hurricanes hitting Florida ( )
Year of major hurricane
Storm name
1960
Donna
1964
Hilda
1965
Betsy
1975
Eloise
1992
Andrew
1995
Opal
2004
Charley
44 years divided by 7 = One every 6.3 years
What is the average frequency of major hurricanes to make landfall in Florida from ?
The average frequency is the time period divided by number of hurricanes in that period.

4. The Saffir-Simpson scale
The Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale measures a hurricane's sustained wind speed on a scale of It estimates potential property damage:
Category
Wind speeds
Five
≥252 km/h
Four
 km/h
Three
 km/h
Two
 km/h
One
 km/h

5. Atlantic hurricanes 2012
A total of 19 tropical storms formed during the 2012 season.
By Cyclonebiskit [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Map to show the paths of storms across the Atlantic Ocean, 2012

6. Table to show the amount of hurricanes in each intensity category in 2012
Storm categories based on Saffir Simpson scale
Cat 1
Cat 2
Cat 3
Tally
////
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Category
Wind speeds
Five
≥252 km/h
Four
 km/h
Three
 km/h
Two
 km/h
One
 km/h
Express as a ratio, the number of category 1 hurricanes to category 2 hurricanes.
What is the ratio of hurricanes, to tropical storms for the 2012 season? In 2012, there were 19 tropical storms, but only the ones on the table above developed into hurricanes.
What can we conclude about hurricane season 2012 from this data?
Q1. 5:3
Q2. 10: hurricanes:19 storms. Approximately half.

7. Earthquakes around the world since 1990
Magnitude
Average annually
8 and higher 1 15
134
1319
13,000 (estimated)
130,000 (estimated)
1,300,000 (estimated)
What was the frequency of magnitude 8 and higher earthquakes since 1990?
What was the frequency of magnitude 6 to 6.9 earthquakes since 1990?
What is the ratio of magnitude 8 and higher to magnitude 7 – 7.9 earthquakes?
Q1. One earthquake of magnitude 8 and higher earthquakes since 1990.
Q earthquakes of magnitude 6 to 6.9 earthquakes since 1990.
Q3. A ratio of 1:134.

8. The impact of earthquakes
Q2. Positive (but weak)
Q3. Accept answers in the range of 1-10,000 fatalities.
Plot and draw a line of best fit on your copy of the graph above.
Is the correlation either positive, negative, or none?
Use your line of best fit to estimate the likely number of fatalities for a magnitude 7 earthquake.

9. Numbers of volcano related deaths in Japan, 1980-2010
1984
1986
1988
1989
1990
1991
1993
1994
1995
1997 29 2 3 6 43 1 4 9
What was the maximum number of volcano related deaths, in a single year in Japan between 1980 and 2010?
How many volcano related deaths were there in 1985?
What is the range in the number of volcano related deaths in Japan between 1980 and 2010?
What is the mode (value that appears most) in this data set?
What is the median (middle) value in this data set?
Q in Q2. Zero deaths in Q3. Range is zero to Q4. Mode is zero. Q5. Median is zero.

10. Number of volcano deaths in Japan per decade
Numbers of volcano related deaths in Japan, 1960s–1990s
Decade
Number of volcano deaths in Japan per decade
1960s 10
1970s 31
1980s 37
1990s 64
The 1990's as it had the highest frequency of deaths compared to other decades.
In order to work out the modal class from a grouped frequency table just look for the group which contains the highest frequency.
What is the modal class in the frequency table of volcano related deaths in Japan between the 1960s and the 1990s?

11. Number of volcano deaths in Japan per decade
Numbers of volcano related deaths in Japan, 1960s–1990s
Decade
Number of volcano deaths in Japan per decade
1960s 10
1970s 31
1980s 37
1990s 64
The range in data is 10 – 64.
What is the range in the frequency table of volcano related deaths in Japan between the 1960s and the 1990s?

12. Quartiles and inter – quartile range
The median is the middle value in a ranked data set. The two halves of data can be split again into quarters at a value called the quartile.
If there are 20 values then the median would lie midway between the 10th and 11th value. The upper quartile lies between the 15th and 16th values and the lower quartile is between the 5th and 6th values.
The inter–quartile range is the difference between the upper and the lower quartile.
Find the median, lower quartile and upper quartile for the following data:
11, 4, 6, 8, 3, 10, 8, 10, 4, 12 and 31.
The range in data is 10 – 64.

13. THE ANSWERS Quartiles and inter – quartile range
Find the median, lower quartile and upper quartile for the following data:
11, 4, 6, 8, 3, 10, 8, 10, 4, 12 and 31.
Therefore, the median is 8, the lower quartile is 4, and the upper quartile is 11.
3, 4, 4, 6, 8, 8, 10, 10, 11, 12, 31
The range in data is 10 – 64.

14. Calculating percentage change and using percentiles
When geographers want to make comparisons between things or describe how something has changed over a period of time then they might calculate percentage change.
To calculate the percentage increase between two numbers:
Work out the difference (increase) between the two numbers you are comparing
Divide the increase by the original number
Multiply the answer by 100 to give you a percentage.
If the answer is a negative then this is a negative decrease
There has been a 29% increase.
31 – 24 = 7
7/24=0.29
0.29 *100= 29%
The number of bus routes in Bristol increased from 24 in 2010 to 31 in Calculate the percentage increase.