1. Indians of North America

2. Three Types of Cultural Levels in North America
Bands Hunter-gatherers Equal, non-ranked society people in band Large annual gatherings (macrobands) in spring for mate selection, ceremonial activities and re-organization of micro-bands

3. Tribal Level Societies
Often based in agriculture or animal husbandry Tend to have semi-permanent or permanent villages Nominal leader (first among equals) More complexity Tribal “ownership” of land Villages held together by organizations based on specialties

4. Chiefdom Level Societies
Based on agriculture Hereditary inequality (social classes) Chief---- Hereditary position Ritual Center (town) with villages surrounding it Leader “divine” Complex bureaucracy

5. Ages of Indians
Paleo Ice Age Native Americans Archaic Woodland First used Bow and Arrow Mississippi-Oneonta Cahokia Mound builders Historic Today’s Native-Americans

6. Tribes of Northwest Coast
West Coast Indians Game and fish plentiful Densely populated Very little agriculture Plank houses and seaworthy boats Affluent, complex society Potlatch: rank and prestige determined by how much you could give away

7. Tribes of Southeast
Stretched from Atlantic Ocean to Trinity River in Texas Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek & Seminole: 5 Civilized Tribes Forced Relocation in 1800’s: Trail of Tears Settled in River Valleys Farmers primarily who fished and hunted Homes of wood

8. Tribes of Southwest
Located SW of Utah & Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico Both farmers and nomadic tribes Farmers included Hopi & Zuni; irrigated fields Nomads included Apache and Navaho (hunter- gatherers- Most did not eat fish thought they were plentiful Horses changed the lifestyle of these tribes

9. Tribes of Northeast
Tribes that encountered Pilgrims Territory included from Atlantic Ocean to Great Lakes Include Iroquois and Algonquin Traded with each other and warred on each other Many of these tribes matrilineal Iroquois League formed model for the coming together of colonists

10. Great Plains Indians
Most well-known Indians Sioux, Pawnee, Blackfoot, Crow, Cheyenne and Arapaho Very tied to horse culture Buffalo key to survival Before buffalo and horses, they were hunter-gatherers and sometimes farmers