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Fundamentals
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2. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
1.1
Real Numbers
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3. Objectives Properties of Real Numbers Addition and Subtraction
Multiplication and Division
The Real Line
Sets and Intervals
Absolute Value and Distance

4. Sets and Intervals

5. Sets and Intervals
A set is a collection of objects, and these objects are called the elements of the set. If S is a set, the notation a  S means that a is an element of S, and b  S means that b is not an element of S. For example, if Z represents the set of integers, then –3  Z but   Z. Some sets can be described by listing their elements within braces. For instance, the set A that consists of all positive integers less than 7 can be written as
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

6. Sets and Intervals We could also write A in set-builder notation as
A = {x | x is an integer and 0 < x < 7}
which is read “A is the set of all x such that x is an integer and 0 < x < 7.”
If S and T are sets, then their union S  T is the set that consists of all elements that are in S or T (or in both). The intersection of S and T is the set S  T consisting of all elements that are in both S and T.

7. Sets and Intervals
In other words, S  T is the common part of S and T. The empty set, denoted by Ø, is the set that contains no element.

8. Example 4 – Union and Intersection of Sets
If S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, T = {4, 5, 6, 7}, and V = {6, 7, 8}, find the sets S  T, S  T, and S  V.
Solution:
S  T = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
S  T = {4, 5}
S  V = Ø
All elements in S or T
Elements common to both S and T
S and V have no element in common

9. Interval Notation
The open interval (a,b) represents the set of real numbers between, but not including, a and b.
The closed interval [a,b] represents the set of real numbers between, and including, a and b.

10. A half-open, or half-closed interval is (a, b], consisting of all real numbers x for which a < x < b. ( ] a b

11. A half-open, or half-closed interval is [a, b), consisting of all real numbers x for which a < x < b. [ ) a b

12. [ a

13. ( a

14. Interval Notation (continued)
The infinite interval represents the set of real numbers that are greater than a.
The infinite interval represents the set of real numbers that are less than or equal to b.

16. Parentheses and Brackets in Interval Notation
Parentheses indicate endpoints that are not included in an interval. Square brackets indicate endpoints that are included in an interval. Parentheses are always used with or

17. Example: Using Interval Notation
Express the interval in set-builder notation and graph:
[1, 3.5]

18. Write the inequality -3 < x < 2 using
interval notation. Illustrate the inequality
using a real number line. [ ) 2 -3

19. Sets and Intervals
Intervals may also include one endpoint but not the other, or they may extend infinitely far in one direction or both. The following table lists the possible types of intervals.