1. Chapter 4.4: Energy Flow in Marine ecosystems
INB Pg 47

2. Trophic Relationships
The hierarchy of what-eats- what can be illustrated with a trophic pyramid.
It is a representation of how energy transfers as they consume each other.
Primary producers, mainly photosynthesizers, make up the base. Most of these are plants. In the ocean, phytoplankton are primary producers.

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4. Trophic Relationships
Primary consumers, the first level of heterotrophs, eat the primary producers. Most of these are herbivores (animals that eat plants). In the ocean, zooplankton are primary consumers.
Secondary consumers, eat primary consumers.
Each level eats the level below and has significantly less biomass (living matter) than the level it eats.

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6. Trophic Relationships
Energy Loss Through Trophic Levels
Only about 10% of the energy transfers from one level to the next, so each level is about a tenth of the size of the level underneath. 90% of the energy is lost to entropy.

7. Food Webs and Decomposition
A food web is a way to illustrate different levels of consumers and energy flow. In real life, organisms consume across levels, not just below. The food web better represents the flow of energy through consumption in nature.

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9. Food Webs and Decomposition
Decomposers break down organic material into inorganic form. They take out the very last usable energy from organic matter to sustain themselves.
Decomposers are primarily bacteria and fungi, their job is to convert dead organisms into the compounds primary producers use.
Bacteria are the most important decomposers.
Decomposition is important because it completes the materials cycle.
Within systems, energy flows
And matter cycles.

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11. Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation: Increase in concentration of a pollutant from the environment to the first organism in a food chain
Biomagnification: Increase in concentration of a pollutant from one link in a food chain to another

12. Biomagnification
Small concentrations of chemicals in the environment can find their way into organisms in high enough dosages to cause problems.  
In order for biomagnification to occur, the pollutant must be:
long-lived
mobile
soluble in fats
biologically active

13. Case Study: DDT
ologyPages/D/DDTandTrophicLevels.html
Socrative Question #5: Describe how bioaccumulation of DDT impacts marine ecosystems

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