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Biology
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2. 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Photo Credit: ©Michael Fogden/DRK PHOTO
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Do Now:
Rough Draft should have citations in text and a bibliography. Highlight/circle any changes that need to be made.
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Remember this….
What are the levels of organization?
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Remember this….
What are the levels of organization?
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
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5. Adding Levels of Organization
Population – group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
Community - assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area
Ecosystem – collection of all the organisms of a particular place together with the non-living environment
Biome - Group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities
Biosphere – part of the Earth in which life exists including the land, water, and air
Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environment
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6. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors.
Abiotic factors include:
temperature
precipitation
humidity
wind
nutrient availability
soil type
sunlight
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7. What is Population Ecology?
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
Ecology
Study of the interaction between organisms and their environment
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8. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors.
Biotic factors – biological influence on ecosystem
Predators
Competitors
Parasites
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Using your notes from yesterday and give an example of a population, community, and ecosystem in the natural world. Do not use any examples from class!
Turn in to bin.
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10. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem?
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11. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Habitat: the area where an organism lives
A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic factors.
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The Niche
The Niche
Niche: the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.
No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
The biotic and abiotic factors determine a species niche.
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13. Community Interactions
What interactions occur within communities?
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14. Community Interactions
Competition
Occurs when organisms of the same or different species try to use a resource in the same place at the same time.
Two or more species attempt to occupy the same niche
Resource: any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space.
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15. Community Interactions
Direct competition in
nature often results in
a winner and a
loser—with the losing
organism failing to
survive.
Example:
Competitive exclusion principle
States that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
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16. Community Interactions
The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species feeds in a different part of the tree. 18 12
Feeding height (m)
Cape May Warbler
Each of these warbler species has a different niche in its spruce tree habitat. By feeding in different areas of the tree, the birds avoid competing with one another for food.
Bay-Breasted Warbler 6
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
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17. Community Interactions
Predation
Predation: An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism.
Predator: The organism that does the killing and eating
Prey: food organism
Example:
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18. Community Interactions
Symbiosis
Symbiosis: Any relationship in which two species live closely together.
Symbiotic relationships include:
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
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19. Community Interactions
Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship.
Commensalism: one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed.
Parasitism: one species lives on or inside another species and harms it.
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