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The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816 The presidency of Thomas Jefferson shapes the U.S. government. The Louisiana Purchase and the War of 1812 strongly affect the nation. Detail of William Clark with Shoshone guide Sacagawea at Three Forks of the Missouri in 1805. NEXT
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The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816 SECTION 1 Jefferson Takes Office
The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration SECTION 3 Problems with Foreign Powers SECTION 4 The War of 1812 NEXT
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Jefferson Takes Office
Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office When Jefferson becomes president in 1801, his party replaces Federalist programs with its own. NEXT
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Jefferson Takes Office
1 SECTION Jefferson Takes Office The Election of 1800 • Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr are Democratic-Republican candidates Image • Believe Alien and Sedition Acts violate Bill of Rights • John Adams is Federalist candidate • Thinks radicals, people with extreme political views, will ruin nation • Burr and Jefferson defeat Adams in presidential election • Burr, Jefferson receive same number of electoral votes NEXT
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1 SECTION Breaking the Tie • House of Representatives breaks Burr/Jefferson tie • Federalists control the House of Representatives • Some Federalists fear Jefferson’s views • Others, like Alexander Hamilton, feel Burr is unreliable • House elects Jefferson as president NEXT
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The Talented Jefferson
1 SECTION The Talented Jefferson • Jefferson has many talents: - advises Washington D. C. architects - skilled violinist, horseman, scientist, devoted reader Image • Book collection becomes core for the Library of Congress NEXT
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Jefferson’s Philosophy
1 SECTION Jefferson’s Philosophy • Jefferson wants to unite Americans, promotes common life style • Wants U.S. to remain a nation of small, independent farmers • Believes such a nation upholds strong democratic values • Believes in a modest role for the central government NEXT
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Undoing Federalist Programs
1 SECTION Undoing Federalist Programs • Jefferson seeks to end many Federalist policies: - allows Alien and Sedition Acts to end - ends many taxes including whiskey tax - reduces number of Federal employees, government debt NEXT
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Marshall and the Judiciary
1 SECTION Marshall and the Judiciary • Adams uses Judiciary Act of 1801 to appoint many Federalist judges • New president Jefferson is frustrated with Federalist judiciary • Cannot change judges because they are appointed for life • Before leaving office, Adams picks Chief Justice of Supreme Court • Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall in office for over 3 decades Image • Strengthens the federal courts, presides over Marbury v. Madison, 1803 NEXT
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1 SECTION Marbury v. Madison • Before leaving office, Adams picks William Marbury as a justice • New Secretary of State James Madison refuses to install Marbury • Marbury sues, case goes to Supreme Court • Court rules that law under which Marbury sues is unconstitutional • Unconstitutional: contradicts the law of the Constitution Continued . . . NEXT
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• Supreme Court establishes principle of judicial review
1 SECTION Continued Marbury v. Madison • Supreme Court establishes principle of judicial review - judicial review—has final say in interpreting the Constitution - helps establish balance between 3 government branches NEXT
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The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration
Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration Jefferson purchases the Louisiana Territory in 1803 and doubles the size of the United States. NEXT
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The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration
2 SECTION The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration The West in 1800 • Many settlers move to region between Appalachians, Mississippi River Image • Kentucky, Tennessee become states (1800), Ohio becomes state (1803) • France, Spain want Louisiana Territory, Britain claims land in region • Louisiana Territory between the Mississippi River, Rocky Mountains • Spain settles California, Russians settle Pacific coast • Americans want free use of Mississippi River and New Orleans’ port NEXT
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Napoleon and New Orleans
2 SECTION Napoleon and New Orleans • Louisiana Territory is claimed by France, then Spain • Spain returns territory to France (1800), French plan to colonize it • Before returning territory, Spain closes New Orleans to Americans • Angers many Americans who call for war with Spain, France • Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans from France • French ask if U.S. wants to buy all of Louisiana Territory NEXT
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The Louisiana Purchase
2 SECTION The Louisiana Purchase • France, Napoleon offer Louisiana Territory to U.S. because: - U.S. determination to keep New Orleans - France’s problems with colonization - Napoleon’s costly war with Britain • Jefferson approves Louisiana Purchase on April 30, 1803 • Buys territory for $15 million, doubles size of U.S. Map NEXT
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Lewis and Clark Explore
2 SECTION Lewis and Clark Explore • Jefferson chooses Meriwether Lewis to lead Louisiana exploration • Lewis chooses William Clark to pick, oversee volunteer force • Expedition is known as Lewis and Clark expedition • Clark is accompanied by York, African American slave, skilled hunter • Expedition sets out in summer of 1803, reaches St. Louis by winter NEXT
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2 SECTION Up the Missouri River • Expedition leaves St. Louis (May 1804), heads up Missouri River • Explores river, hopes to find water route across continent • Relates well with Native Americans, describes landscape, animals • Reaches Mandan Indian villages in October, builds fort, spends winter • Leave with French trapper, Shoshone wife Sacagawea in spring 1805 Image NEXT
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2 SECTION On to the Pacific Ocean • Expedition reaches Great Falls of the Missouri • Reaches Rocky Mountains, Shoshone lands; Sacagawea is chief’s sister • Shoshone help explorers cross Rockies, reach Columbia River • Sail down river to Pacific coast, spend winter, return following year • Expedition brings back wealth of scientific, geographic information NEXT
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2 SECTION Pike’s Expedition • Zebulon Pike leads expedition (1806) into southern Louisiana Territory Image • Seeks source of Arkansas, Red rivers, follows Arkansas River to Rockies • Finds Rocky Mountain peak that is later named Pike’s Peak • Heads into Spanish territory, arrested by Spanish, released (1807) • Brings back descriptions of Great Plains, Rio Grande River Valley NEXT
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The Effects of Exploration
2 SECTION The Effects of Exploration • First American explorers of the West bring back tales of adventure • Bring back valuable scientific, geographical information NEXT
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Problems with Foreign Powers
Section 3 Problems with Foreign Powers Jefferson tries to avoid involvement in the problems of other nations. NEXT
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Problems with Foreign Powers
3 SECTION Problems with Foreign Powers Jefferson’s Foreign Policy • As president, Jefferson wants to focus on domestic concerns • Advises U.S. to be friendly with nations, but not form alliances • Jefferson’s effort to keep U.S. separate from other nations fails: - U.S. merchants are trading all over world - U.S. has closer contact with other nations - U.S. has little control over actions of foreign nations NEXT
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Problems with France and England
3 SECTION Problems with France and England • Britain does not want U.S. to supply Britain’s enemies with provisions • Sets up blockade (1805), allows certain American ships to reach Europe • France is angered by blockade, enacts laws to control foreign shipping • If Americans obey British, their ships could be seized by the French • If Americans obey French, their ships could be seized by British Continued . . . NEXT
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• Britain uses impressment, or kidnapping, of American sailors
3 SECTION Continued Problems with France and England • Britain uses impressment, or kidnapping, of American sailors Image • Impressment interferes with U.S. trade • Famous impressment incident arouses widespread anger in America • Jefferson decides not to declare war on Britain NEXT
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3 SECTION Trade as a Weapon • Jefferson asks Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 - prohibits U.S. ships to sail to foreign ports - closes U.S. ports to British • Act hurts U.S. more than it does Britain, France Chart • Because of unpopular embargo, Jefferson loses election of 1808 • James Madison becomes president, Congress repeals embargo • Madison allows trade except with Britain, France NEXT
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Tecumseh and Native American Unity
3 SECTION Tecumseh and Native American Unity • Native Americans lose much land to settlers in the Northwest Territory • Shawnee chief, Tecumseh says Native Americans must unite Image • Many tribes answer Tecumseh’s call for unity • U.S. defeats Shawnee at Battle of Tippecanoe, sets back unity movement NEXT
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War Hawks 3 • British welcome Tecumseh, warriors in Canada
SECTION War Hawks • British welcome Tecumseh, warriors in Canada • British-Native American alliance angers Americans in the West • Westerners known as War Hawks call for war with Britain • Americans also angry about British violation of American rights at sea Chart • Andrew Jackson, War Hawks urge Congress to declare war • Congress declares war on Britain on June 18, 1812 NEXT
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Section 4 The War of 1812 Angered by Britain’s interference in the nation’s affairs, the United States goes to war. NEXT
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The War of 1812 The War Begins 4
SECTION The War of 1812 The War Begins • Britain does not want war with U.S., news reaches U.S. late • Congress approves war • First phase of War of 1812, Britain focuses on defeating France • Britain does little in U.S. except blockade the American coast • Second phase, Britain focuses on defeating U.S. • When war is declared, U.S. military is weak, poorly trained NEXT
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The First Phase of the War
4 SECTION The First Phase of the War • U.S. wins early naval victories • U.S. commander Oliver Hazard Perry, fleet defeat British (1813) • U.S. defeat British at Battle of the Thames in Canada; Tecumseh killed • U.S. victory ends British threat to the northwest Interactive NEXT
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The Second Phase of the War
4 SECTION The Second Phase of the War • After defeating Napoleon, Britain focuses on defeating the U.S. • British troops burn U.S. Capitol building, attack Fort McHenry • Lawyer Francis Scott Key proudly watches U.S. defend Fort McHenry Image • Writes song that expresses his pride, becomes U.S. national anthem • U.S. defeat British at battle of Lake Champlain (1814) Continued . . . NEXT
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• British troops approach New Orleans
4 SECTION Continued The Second Phase of the War • British troops approach New Orleans • General Andrew Jackson patches together U.S. troops • Defeats British at the Battle of New Orleans • Britain, U.S. sign Treaty of Ghent, ends war • Battle of New Orleans takes place after the treaty is signed NEXT
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4 SECTION The Legacy of the War • War of 1812 has no clear winner but has important consequences: - U.S. war heroes increase American patriotism - war breaks the strength of Native Americans - forces U.S. to manufacture goods previously imported - U.S. proves it can defend itself against the mightiest military power Chart NEXT
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