1. A World Rich in Biodiversity
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
A World Rich in Biodiversity
_________________: The number and variety of organisms in a given area.
Areas on the planet with great biodiversity:
______________________
Humans need to understand and preserve biodiversity for our own survival.

2. Biodiversity starts with: ______________ all the species on Earth
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Unknown Diversity
Biodiversity starts with:
______________ all the species on Earth
Organizing the species into common groups ________________
______________________ identified species (Most are insects)
Actual number is unknown, estimated to be > _____________________.

3. Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Unknown Diversity

4. Pennsylvania Diversity
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Pennsylvania Diversity
________________ different species in PA
46% Insects
24% Plants/Algae
17% Fungi/Lichens
7% Non-insect invertebrates
4% Protists
3% Vertebrates
Important to find out the ____________ each organism plays in an ecosystem.

5. Chapter 10 Levels of Diversity
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Levels of Diversity
Biodiversity can be studied and described at three levels:
________________: Differences between populations of species + differences between species
___________________: Variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes within and between ecosystems.
____________________: Variety of genes contained within a population.
____________: Segment of DNA which codes for a specific trait inherited by an organism.

6. Species and Population Survival
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Species and Population Survival
The level of _____________________within populations is a critical factor in species survival.
__________________________ increases the chances that some members of the population may survive environmental pressures or changes.
Small and isolated populations are less __________ _____________________ such pressures.

7. Adaptations
Genes lead to ________________.
______________________: Any anatomical (physical), physiological (function), or behavior change which improves a population’s ability to survive.
_________________: The ability to survive and reproduce

8. Evolution
_______________________ The gradual accumulation of adaptations over time.
________________________: How evolution work.

9. Benefits of Biodiversity
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Benefits of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the foundation of
___________________ stability
We need a balanced cycle of
______________
________________ are part of these cycles.

10. Species Are Connected to Ecosystems
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Species Are Connected to Ecosystems
Each species has a __________ to play in its ecosystem.
Each species depends on _____________ other species, in ways we have not yet identified.
When one species disappears from an ecosystem, a strand in a _______________ is removed.

11. Connection of Species
___________ plays an important role in an ecosystem.
Species are ______________.

12. Species Are Connected to Ecosystems
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Species Are Connected to Ecosystems
Some species are clearly critical to the functioning of an ecosystem.
A ___________________ is a species that is critical to the functioning of the ecosystem in which it lives because it affects the survival and abundance of many other species in its community.
An example is the _____________
Loss of sea otter  _____________________  __________________________

13. Sea Otters as an Example of a Keystone Species
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Sea Otters as an Example of a Keystone Species

14. Species and Population Survival
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Species and Population Survival
When a population shrinks, its __________ ____________________as though it is passing through a bottleneck.
Even if such a population is able to increase again, there will be _____________ within a smaller variety of genes.
The members of the population may then become more likely to inherit ____________ ________________.

15. Species and Population Survival “________________”
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Species and Population Survival “________________”

16. Medical and Industrial Uses
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Medical and Industrial Uses
About one quarter of the drugs prescribed in the United Sates are ___________________, and almost all of the antibiotics are derived from chemicals found in ___________________.
New ______________and _______________ may be developed from chemicals discovered in all kinds of species.
The scientific community continues to find new uses for biological material and genetic diversity.

17. Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Medical Uses

18. Chapter 10 Agricultural Uses
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Agricultural Uses
Most of the crops produced around the world originated from a few areas of _______________
Most new crop varieties are __________ , or crops developed by combing genetic material from other populations.
History has shown that depending on too few plants for food is _______. _____________ have resulted when an important crop was wiped out by disease. But some crops have been saved by crossbreeding them with wild plant relatives.

19. Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Agricultural Uses

20. Ethics, Aesthetics, and Recreation
Chapter 10
Section 1 What Is Biodiversity?
Ethics, Aesthetics, and Recreation
Some people believe that we should preserve biodiversity for ____________________. They believe that species and ecosystems have a right to exist whether or not they have any other value.
People also value biodiversity for ___________ _____________________such as keeping pets, camping, picking flowers, or watching wildlife.
____________________ is a form of tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecologically unique areas.

21. Chapter 10 Biodiversity at Risk
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Biodiversity at Risk
The extinction of many species in a relatively short period of time is called a ______________.
Earth has experienced several mass extinctions, each probably caused by a ________________ _______________________.
It takes ______________________ for biodiversity to rebound after a mass extinction.

22. Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Biodiversity at Risk

23. Chapter 10 Current Extinctions
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Current Extinctions
Scientists are warning that we are in the midst of another ____________________.
The rate of extinctions is estimated to have increased by a multiple of 50 since 1800, with up to ________________of all species on Earth becoming extinct between 1800 and 2100.
The current mass extinction is different from those of the past because ______________ are the primary cause of the extinctions.

24. Species Prone to Extinction
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Species Prone to Extinction
Large populations that adapt easily to many habitats are _____________to become extinct.
However, _____________________in ______ _________________can easily become extinct.
Species that are especially at risk of extinction are
Those that ______________,
Those that ___________________________,
Those that are ________________________.

25. Species Prone to Extinction
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Species Prone to Extinction
An ________________________ is a species that has been identified to be in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant part of its range, and that is thus under protection by regulations or conservation measures.
A _____________________ is a species that has been identified to be likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.

26. How Do Humans Cause Extinctions?
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
How Do Humans Cause Extinctions?
The major causes of extinction today are
__________________(75% of extinctions)
Introduction of ______________________
_____________________
_____________________ of species.

27. How Do Humans Cause Extinctions?
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
How Do Humans Cause Extinctions?

28. Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation
For example, __________________________ ________________________, require expansive ranges of forest and large amount of prey.
Today, much of the cougars’ habitat has been destroyed or broken up by roads, canals, and fences.
In 2001, _____________________ Florida panthers made up the only remaining wild cougar population east of the Mississippi River.

29. Invasive Exotic Species
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Invasive Exotic Species
An ______________________ is a species that is not native to a particular region.
Even familiar organisms such as cats and rats are considered to be exotic species when they are brought to regions where they never lived before.
Exotic species can _____________________ that have no natural defenses against them.

30. Harvesting, Hunting, and Poaching
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Harvesting, Hunting, and Poaching
_________________ can also lead to extinction as seen in the 1800s and 1900s when 2 billion passenger pigeons were hunted to extinction.
Thousands of rare species worldwide are _____________________ for use as pets, houseplants, wood, food, or herbal medicine.
_____________ is is the illegal harvesting of fish, game, or other species.

31. ______________________
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Pollution
Pesticides
Cleaning agents
Drugs
Other chemicals
The bald eagle was endangered because of a pesticide known as________. Although DDT is now illegal to use in the United States, it is still manufactured here and used around the world.
______________________

32. Areas of Critical Biodiversity
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Areas of Critical Biodiversity
An important feature of areas of the world that contain greater diversity of species is that they have a large portion of endemic species.
An ____________________is a species that is native to a particular place and that ___________________.
Ecologists often use the numbers of endemic species of plants as an ______________________________ because plants form the basis of ecosystems on land.

33. Chapter 10 Tropical Rain Forests
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Tropical Rain Forests
Biologist estimate that ____________ of the world’s species live in these forests even though they cover only 7 percent of the Earth’s land surface.
Most of the species have never been described. Unknown numbers of these _________________ _________________________ as tropical forests are cleared for farming or cattle grazing.
Tropical forests are also among the few places where some ______________maintain traditional lifestyles.

34. Coral Reefs and Coastal Ecosystem
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Coral Reefs and Coastal Ecosystem
Reefs provide millions of people with _____________ ___________________________________________________________, but are poorly studied and not as well protected by laws as terrestrial areas are.
Nearly _____________of Earth’s coral reefs are __________________by human activities, such as pollution, development along waterways, and overfishing.
Similar threats affect coastal ecosystems, such as ________________________________________.

35. Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Islands
When an island rises from the sea, it is colonized by a limited number of species from the mainland. These colonizing species may then __________________ into several new species.
Thus, islands often hold a very ______________ __________________________________.
Many island species, such as the ____________ _________________, are endangered because of invasive exotic species.

36. Biodiversity Hotspots
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Biodiversity Hotspots
The most threatened areas of high species diversity on Earth have been labeled ___________________ and include mostly tropical rainforests, coastal areas, and islands.
The hotspot label was developed by an ecologist in the late 1980s to identify areas that have ________ _____________________________but that are also _______________________________________.
Most of these hotspots have __________________ of their original natural vegetation.

37. Biodiversity Hotspots
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Biodiversity Hotspots

38. Biodiversity in the United States
Chapter 10
Section 2 Biodiversity at Risk
Biodiversity in the United States
The United States includes a wide variety of unique ecosystems
Florida Everglades
California coastal region
Hawaii
Midwestern prairies
Forests of the Pacific Northwest
The United States holds unusually high numbers of _________________________________________ ______________. Diversity is also high among groups of the land plants such as _______________ _____________________.

39. Captive-Breeding Programs
Section 3 The Future of Biodiversity
Chapter 10
Captive-Breeding Programs
Wildlife experts may attempt to restore the population of a species through ___________________ programs.
These programs involve breeding species in captivity, with the _______ populations to their natural habitats.
This type of program has been used successfully with the ______________________, for example. But the question remains whether or not these restored populations will ever reproduce in the wild.

40. Preserving Genetic Material
Section 3 The Future of Biodiversity
Chapter 10
Preserving Genetic Material
One way to save the essence of a species is by preserving its _______________________.
________________________ is hereditary material (chromosomes and genes) that is usually contained in the protoplasm of germ cells and may be stored as seeds, sperm, eggs, or pure DNA.
_________________________ store germ plasm in controlled environments for future use in research or species-recovery efforts.

41. Zoos, Aquariums, Parks, and Gardens
Section 3 The Future of Biodiversity
Chapter 10
Zoos, Aquariums, Parks, and Gardens
In some cases, ______________ now house the few remaining members of a species and are perhaps the species’ last hope for survival.
Zoos, _____________________________________ ______________________, are living museums of the world’s biodiversity.
But, these kinds of facilities rarely have enough resources or knowledge to preserve more than a fraction of the world’s rare and threatened species.

42. Chapter 10 More Study Needed
Section 3 The Future of Biodiversity
Chapter 10
More Study Needed
Ultimately, saving a few individuals __________ to preserve a species as captive species may not reproduce or survive again in the wild.
Also, small populations are _____________ _______________________________________ caused by ______________________.
_________________________ hope that these strategies are a last resort to save species.

43. Preserving Habitats and Ecosystems
Section 3 The Future of Biodiversity
Chapter 10
Preserving Habitats and Ecosystems
The most effective way to save species is to _______ __________________________.
Small plots of land for a single population is usually not enough because a species confined to a small area could be wiped out by a single ______________ . While other species require a _________________ to find adequate food.
Therefore, protecting the habitats of endangered and threatened species often means ________________ ______________________________.

44. Conservation Strategies
Section 3 The Future of Biodiversity
Chapter 10
Conservation Strategies
Most conservationists now give priority to _______ _______________________rather than individual species.
By doing this, we may be able to save most of the species in an ecosystem instead of only the ones that have been identified as endangered.
The general public has now begun to understand that Earth’s biosphere depends on all its connected ecosystems.

45. Conservation Strategies
Section 3 The Future of Biodiversity
Chapter 10
Conservation Strategies
While conservationists focus on the ____________ discussed earlier to protect biodiversity worldwide, they also support additional strategies.
One strategy is to identify areas of native habitat that can be _____________________into large networks.
Another promising strategy is to promote products that have been harvested with _____________ practices.

46. Legal Protection for Species
Section 3 The Future of Biodiversity
Chapter 10
Legal Protection for Species
Many nations have ___________________ designed to prevent the extinction of species, and those in the United States are among the strongest.
For example, in 1973, the U.S. Congress pass the _________________________.
The ______________________ is designed to protect any plant or animal species in danger of extinction.

47. Section 3 The Future of Biodiversity
Chapter 10
U.S. Laws
Under the first provision of the Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) must compile a list of all endangered and threatened species in the United States. As of 2002, _____ species of plants and animals were listed.
The second main provision of the act ___________ ____________________from human harm.
The third provision prevents the ______________ ______________ from carrying out any project that jeopardizes a listed species.

48. Section 3 The Future of Biodiversity
Chapter 10
U.S. Laws