1. Part IV Joints

2. A. Structural Classes of Joints
1. Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
2. Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
3. Synovial joints
Freely moveable with lubricating fluid

3. B. Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue Examples 1. Sutures
Example: skull bones
2. Syndesmoses
Allows more movement than sutures
Example: distal end of tibia and fibula
Figure 5.27a–b

4. C. Cartilaginous Joints
Bones connected by cartilage
Examples
1. symphysis
pubic symphysis
intervertebral joints
2. synchondrosis
sternum and 1st rib
Figure 5.27d–e

5. Synovial Joints Most common type of joint
Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
Figure 5.24f–h

6. Features of Synovial Joints
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
Meniscus is a disk of fibrocartilage between articulating surfaces in the knee
Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
Ligaments reinforce the joint

7. Synovial Joint - Knee

8. Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint
Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
Lined with synovial membranes
Filled with synovial fluid
Not actually part of the joint
Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

9. The Synovial Joint
Figure 5.28

10. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Figure 5.29a–c

11. D. Synovial Joints
1. plane/gliding joint – carpal-carpal; tarsal-tarsal; sternum-ribs (2-7)
2. hinge joint – elbow (ulna-humerus); knee (femur-tibia); phalanx-phalanx
3. pivot joint – ulna-radius

12. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Figure 5.29d–f

13. D. Synovial Joints 4. condyloid –metacarpal-phalanx
5. saddle – thumb (carpal-metacarpal)
6. ball and socket – shoulder (humerus-scapula) , hip (femur-coxal)

14. Chapter 5 Vocabulary axial skeleton appendicular skeleton
articular cartilage
epiphyseal plate
meatus
sinus
foramen
sutures
thoracic cage
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
pubic symphysis
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
osteoporosis

15. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Over 100 different types
The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

17. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Most common chronic arthritis that affects the articular cartilage typically in the aged.
Probably related to normal aging processes; “wear and tear” arthritis

18. Osteoarthritis

19. Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints such as wrist, fingers, ankles, feet
Often leads to deformities
Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood
Can usually be controlled with diet

20. Rheumatoid arthritis

21. Rheumatoid arthritis

22. Bone disorders Osteoporosis
Bone-thinning disease that leads to fractures
Afflicts half of women over 65 and 20% of men over 70
Makes bone so fragile that a hug or sneeze can cause bones to fracture
Bones of spine and neck of femur (hip) are particularly affected
Causes hunched-over posture (kyphosis) known as dowager’s hump

23. Osteoporosis

24. Osteoporosis

25. Gouty Arthritis