1. A Meta-Analysis of Passive Descent Versus Immediate Pushing in Nulliparous Women With Epidural Analgesia in the Second Stage of Labor 
Robyn M. Brancato, MA, BS, RN, Sara Church, BS, RN, Patricia W. Stone, PhD, MPH, MS 
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 
Volume 37, Issue 1, Pages 4-12 (January 2008)
DOI: /j x
Copyright © 2008 AWHONN, the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Spontaneous vaginal births with delayed pushing versus immediate pushing.
Note.RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Size of the square indicates weight of study, as determined using Mantel-Haenszel weighting method.
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing  , 4-12DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2008 AWHONN, the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Risk of instrument-assisted delivery with delayed pushing versus immediate pushing.
Note.RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Size of the square indicates weight of study, as determined using Mantel-Haenszel weighting method.
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing  , 4-12DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2008 AWHONN, the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Time spent pushing during second-stage labor in delayed versus immediate pushing.
Note.CI = confidence interval. Size of the square indicates weight of study, as determined using Mantel-Haenszel weighting method.
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing  , 4-12DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2008 AWHONN, the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Risk of cesarean birth with delayed pushing versus immediate pushing.
Note.RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Size of the square indicates weight of study, as determined using Mantel-Haenszel weighting method.
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing  , 4-12DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2008 AWHONN, the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
Risk of laceration with delayed pushing versus immediate pushing.
Note.RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Size of the square indicates weight of study, as determined using Mantel-Haenszel weighting method.
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing  , 4-12DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2008 AWHONN, the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 6
Risk of episiotomy with delayed pushing versus immediate pushing.
Note.RR = relative risk; CI = confidence interval. Size of the square indicates weight of study, as determined using Mantel-Haenszel weighting method.
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing  , 4-12DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2008 AWHONN, the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses Terms and Conditions