1. Independence Movements
Central America and South America

2. Haiti - 1799 Toussaint-Louverture French Revolution was happening
First successful uprising in Latin America
500,000/560,000 were enslaved
Minority French planters used brutal punishment to maintain control

3. Haiti 1790’s led by Francois Toussaint-Louverture a former slave
Set fire to plantation homes and crops
Yellow fever killed French troops in 1803
1804 Haiti declared independence

4. Situation in Europe
1808 – Napoleon (France) attacked/seized control of Spain.
This left the colonies without a strong central gov’t.

5. Spanish South America Simon Bolivar – Creole from Venezuela
“The Liberator”
Believed in equality and independence “the only object worth a mans life”
1810 – Started a revolt in Caracas
After nine years of fighting he defeated the Spanish

6. 1819 Bolivar won the Independence of “Grand Colombia”: Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, & Ecuador

7. Mexico First Spanish colony to rebel Sept. 16, 1810
Miguel Hidalgo – Catholic priest
Wanted political freedom, end slavery and improve conditions for the poor.
Led Native Americans and Mestizos on a march to Mexico City – he is executed
Independence took over ten years to achieve

8. Jose de San Martin
Creole from Argentina
fights Spanish
1816 frees Argentina
1818 freed Chile
1820 frees Peru
1822 meets with Bolivar & free the rest of S. America by 1826

9. Brazil
Unique Independence

10. How? Peaceful process, no bloodshed
Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil when Napoleon invaded in 1808.
King Joao transferred the monarchy to Rio de Janeiro.

11. Reforms Favorable trade laws, opening ports to the world
Improve mining and agricultural production
More funding for public education

12. Conflict
King Joao returned to Portugal in 1815 after Napoleon was defeated in Europe.
Dom Pedro, his son, remained in Brazil.
1822 called for a constitutional convention
Won independence for Brazil
Became constitutional Emperor Pedro I