1. Thought Question
What’s the difference between the use of walking in these 2 sentences?
1. “The sailor was walking in the forum”
2. “I saw a sailor walking in the forum.”

2. What is a Participle? A participle is a verbal adjective.
In other words, it’s a verb that is turned into an adjective.

3. In English
For present participles, we usually add an ‘-ing’ to the end of a Verb to make a Participle.
Can you give me examples?

4. What does the participle do? What does a participle tell us?
The singing poet
The ruling king
The learning student
The student learning the present participle
running bull
laughing cow
The people running in the streets are crazy.

5. Which words do you think are Participles in the Latin?
Given these two participles, what markers does Latin have for the Participle? (like the ‘ing’ in English)

6. Which words do you think are Participles in the Latin?
Yes, it’s the ‘-nt’ before an ending.

7. How to Form Present Participles
Go to the second principal part of 1st, 2nd and regular 3rd conjugation verbs.
Drop the ‘-re’
Add ‘-ns’ and ‘-ntis’ for the nominative and genitive singular forms. The rest of the cases decline like a 3rd Declension Adjective.
Examples:
amare: amans, amantis, amanti, amantem, amanti (-e)
manere: manens, manentis, manenti, manentem,
agere: agens, agentis, agenti, agentem, etc.

8. How to Form Present Participles
Go to the second principal part, and drop the ‘-re’.
Add:
Nom. -ns -ntes (-ntia)
Gen. -ntis -ntium
Dat. -nti -ntibus
Accus. -ntem (-ns) -ntes (-ntia)
Abl. -nti /-nte -ntibus

9. -io Verb Exception Go to the second principal part.
Drop the ‘-ere’ or the ‘-ire’
Add ‘-iens’ and ‘-ientis’ for the nominative and genitive singular forms. The rest of the cases decline like a 3rd Declension Adjective.
Examples:
fugio, fugere: fugiens, fugientis, fugienti, etc.
audio, audire: audiens, audientis, audienti, audientem, etc.

10. Go to the second principal part, and drop the ‘-ere’ or the ‘-ire’
-io Verb Exception
Go to the second principal part, and drop the ‘-ere’ or the ‘-ire’
Add:
Nom. -iens ientes (-ientia)
Gen. -ientis -ientium
Dat. -ienti ientibus
Accus. -ientem (-iens) -ientes (-ientia)
Abl. -ienti /-iente -ientibus

11. The Key in Translation
If you see a verb stem with an ‘ns’ or an ‘nt’ before a 3rd Declension ending, you know you’re dealing with a Present Participle.

12. A participle can have an object
rex cenam edens =
The king eating dinner
The king who is eating dinner