1. By: Annette Miles
GROUNDWATER

2. What is groundwater?
Groundwater is water that has _________ through surface layers of soil and rock until it reaches a layer of rock material through which it _____________. This layer of rock is ______________.
drained
cannot pass
impermeable

3. Where is groundwater stored?
Groundwater is stored below the surface of the earth within a structure called an _________. An aquifer is made out of ___________ or _______ rock material and is saturated with groundwater.
aquifer
permeable
porous

4. Where is groundwater stored?

5. Where is groundwater stored?
Groundwater fills the open gaps between rocks, sediment, and soil _________ the surface.
beneath

6. What Properties of Earth’s Materials Allow Them to Absorb Water?
________ is the percentage of a material’s volume that is ______ space.
The _______ is a permeable layer that holds water.
Porosity
empty
aquifer

7. EXPERIMENT “How does soil type affect porosity?”
What Properties of Earth’s Materials Allow Them to Absorb Water?
EXPERIMENT
“How does soil type affect porosity?”
Materials: Three 500 mL beakers, garden soil, sand, gravel, graduated cylinder, water
Procedure:
Fill a beaker with 300 mL of gravel, another 300 mL of sand, and another 300 mL of soil.
Fill the graduated cylinder with water, and record the volume. Slowly pour the water into the 1st beaker until a thin pool of water forms on the surface. Stop when a pool forms. Determine how much water the gravel is holding by subtracting the water left in the graduated cylinder.
Repeat with the garden soil and sand. Determine porosity with the following equation: Porosity = volume of water added/volume of sediment x 100.
Which had the highest porosity? Lowest?

8. What Are the Zones of Saturation and Aeration?
The zone of saturation is the area where all the pore space in the ground is ______ with water.
filled

9. The zone of aeration (unsaturated zone)
What Are the Zones of Saturation and Aeration?
The zone of aeration (unsaturated zone)
is the area where the pore space is mostly _______, or full of air.
empty

10. The water table is the level below which the ground is ____________.
What is the water table?
The water table is the level below which the ground is ____________.
saturated

11. What is the water table?
Above the water table lays the zone of _________ and below lies the zone of ___________. The water table intersects the land surface at lakes and streams.
aeration
saturation

12. How Does Groundwater Move?
________ moves groundwater, just as it does water in channels. It moves water from areas of _____ pressure / concentration to areas of ____ pressure / concentration.
Gravity
high
low

13. Groundwater Contamination
Our groundwater can become contaminated by ________, ________, toxic waste disposal sites, and ___________ practices.
sewage
landfills
agriculture

14. EXPERIMENT
Materials: food coloring, clear soda, crushed ice, ice cream, sprinkles, straws, clear cups.
Fill 1/3 of clear plastic cup with crushed ice (that’s gravel and soil.)
Add enough soda to just cover the ice.
Add a layer of ice cream over the water-filled aquifer. (That’s the confining layer)
Add some more crushed ice on top of the confining layer.
Add colored sprinkles over the top to create the porous top layer.

15. EXPERIMENT Add food coloring to the remaining soda.
The food coloring is your contamination.
Observe what happens when it is poured
on the top of the aquifer.
7. Stick your straw through the middle of your aquifer and take a sip, keep sucking on the straw and see how the contaminants get pulled into the well area and end up in the groundwater by leaking through the confined layer.
8. Oh, the rest you can drink NOW!

16. Castle Geyser, Yellowstone
What are geysers?
Castle Geyser, Yellowstone
A geyser is a natural hot spring that occasionally sprays ______ and ______ above the ground.
water
steam

17. Be patience and watch!
Watch video

18. Caves and Cave Deposits What causes caves to form?
First, _____ seeps into the surface of the earth. The rainwater absorbs the _______________ being released by dying vegetation in the soil.
rain
carbon dioxide

19. What causes caves to form?
Caves and Cave Deposits
What causes caves to form?
A chemical reaction begins that makes the water into a weak _______________ which eats away at the rock ___________ the limestone.
carbonic acid
dissolving
Animation on the formation of caves.

20. Caves and Cave Deposits
What are stalactites?
Stalactites are mineralized water ____________ that develop on the ________ of moist cave environments.
formations
ceiling
Stalactites hold
tight to the ceiling

21. Caves and Cave Deposits What causes stalactites to form?
As water seeps into a limestone cave, it ______ from the ceiling leaving _________ behind. The collection of that mineral forms a __________.
drips
minerals
stalactite

22. Caves and Cave Deposits Stalagmites grow on the ground
What are stalagmites?
Stalagmites are vertical cave formations that grow from the ground ___. They are often found directly _______ a stalactite. up
below
Stalagmites grow on the ground

23. Caves and Cave Deposits How are stalagmites formed?
Stalagmites are formed from water dripping from the ceiling of a cave. This deposits minerals in a mound on the ______.
floor

24. Caves and Cave Deposits
When a stalactite and a stalagmite meet and grow together, they form a _________.
column

25. Caves and Cave Deposits
Stalactites hold “tight” to the top of the cave. A stalagmite is on the ground.

26. Caves and Cave Deposits

27. Caves and Cave Deposits

28. Caves and Cave Deposits

29. Sinkholes
What causes sinkholes?
Initially, a sinkhole forms as soil __________ into a crevice and is carried away through a conduit by ______.
collapses
water

30. Sinkholes
What causes sinkholes?
Then the soil roof of the developing sinkhole _____ into the hole to form a cylindrical cavity.
falls

31. Sinkholes
What causes sinkholes?
Further collapse of the soil cover from below causes the soil at the surface to _____.
fall

32. What causes sinkholes? Erosion
________ by water flowing into this new drain hole smoothens the hole’s sharp edges to form the typical inverted cone- or ______-shaped depression.
Erosion
bowl

33. Sinkholes
Sinkholes are also caused if the roof of a ______ or cavern collapses. Florida, which is underlain by limestone, has a new sinkhole form about once each year, gobbling up cars and houses in the process.
cave

34. Sinkhole in Florida

35. Sinkhole in Florida

36. Sinkhole in Guatemala

37. Sinkhole in Missouri

38. Sinkhole

39. What is Karst topography?
Karst topography is the kind of landscape that is created by groundwater __________ away underground rocks.
dissolving
Sinkholes in Permian Kaibab along right bank of Chevelon Fork of the Little Colorado River.

40. Karst Topography
A aerial photograph of a classic Karst terrain north of Lewisburg, WV. Taken from a small plane by William K. Jones.

41. Suggested Videos Videos

42. Resources http://www.nps.gov/brca/forteachers/images/groundwater.jpg

43. Resources