1. Staphylococcus aureus Hijacks a Skin Commensal to Intensify Its Virulence: Immunization Targeting β-Hemolysin and CAMP Factor 
Chih-Wei Lo, Yiu-Kay Lai, Yu-Tsueng Liu, Richard L. Gallo, Chun-Ming Huang 
Journal of Investigative Dermatology 
Volume 131, Issue 2, Pages (January 2011)
DOI: /jid
Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Propionibacterium acnes, not Staphylococcus epidermidis, enhances the hemolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus. (a) P. acnes alone (PA, 2 × 107 colony-forming units (CFUs)), S. aureus 113 alone (SA, 2 × 107CFUs), P. acnes plus S. aureus (PA+SA, 1:1 ratio with a total of 2 × 107CFUs), (b) S. epidermidis alone (SE, 2 × 107CFUs), or S. epidermidis plus S. aureus (SE+SA, 1:1 ratio with a total of 2 × 107CFUs) were suspended in 10μl PBS and streaked on sheep blood agar plates at 37°C for 2 days under anaerobic conditions. Hemolytic activity was determined as described in Materials and Methods. Bar=1cm. Data are representative of three separate experiments with similar results.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /jid )
Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Propionibacterium acnes Christie, Atkins, Munch-Peterson (CAMP) factor mediates the enhancement of hemolysis and cytolysis caused by a coculture of P. acnes with Staphylococcus aureus. (a) A total of 10μg of recombinant CAMP factor and green fluorescence protein (GFP) in 5μl phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was spotted (circles) adjacent to a S. aureus 113 (1 × 105 colony-forming units (CFUs) in 10μl PBS) streak on a sheep blood agar plate grown overnight at 37°C. Bar=1cm. (b) Macrophage RAW264.7 cells were treated with PBS or bacterial culture supernatants (10μgml−1) of P. acnes (PA), S. aureus (SA), or P. acnes plus S. aureus (PA+SA). Bacterial culture supernatants of coculture of P. acnes and S. aureus were incubated with 5% (v/v) anti-CAMP factor or anti-GFP (as a negative control) antiserum. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed after cells were treated with the mixture of bacterial culture supernatant and antiserum for 24hours. Western blot analysis was conducted to validate the specificity of anti-CAMP factor antiserum (arrowhead in the inset panel). One microgram of recombinant CAMP factor was separated via 12% SDS-PAGE, transferred to an Immobilon-P polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and reacted with anti-CAMP factor (right lane) or anti-GFP antiserum (left lane), in 1:2,000 dilution. (c) Neutralization of CAMP factor significantly diminishes the enhancement of P. acnes on the S. aureus-induced macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) production. PBS (25μl), P. acnes (PA, 25μl; 2 × 107CFUs), S. aureus 113 (SA, 25μl; 2 × 107CFUs), or a mixture of P. acnes plus S. aureus 113 (PA+SA, 25μl; 1:1 ratio with a total of 2 × 107CFUs) was intradermally injected into the ears of imprinting control region (ICR) mice. The mixture of P. acnes and S. aureus (PA+SA) was preincubated with 5% (v/v) anti-CAMP factor or anti-GFP antiserum at 25°C for 1hour to neutralize the P. acnes CAMP factor. After incubation, the bacteria alone or bacteria preincubated with antiserum were intradermally injected into ears of ICR mice. After injection for 24hours, ears were excised, homogenized, and centrifuged. ELISA was performed to measure the proinflammatory MIP-2 cytokine in supernatant. The data are represented as mean±SE (n=3, *P<0.05 and **P<0.005 by Student's t-test).
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /jid )
Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Staphylococcus aureus β-hemolysin contributes to the augmentation of hemolysis and cytolysis caused by coculture of Propionibacterium acnes and S. aureus. (a) Recombinant β-hemolysin (5μg; Toxin Technology, Sarasota, FL), Christie, Atkins, Munch-Peterson (CAMP) factor (5μg), and α-hemolysin (1μg) in 5μl phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were spotted on sheep blood agar plates to examine the hemolytic activity. Recombinant green fluorescence protein (GFP; 5μg) in 5μl PBS was used as a control. (b) P. acnes (PA, 2 × 107 colony-forming units (CFUs)) alone, wild-type S. aureus alone (SAwt, 2 × 107CFUs), or P. acnes plus wild-type S. aureus (1:1 ratio with a total of 2 × 107CFUs) was incubated with sheep blood cells at 37°C with end-over-end rotation for 2 days. Hemolytic activity was detected by measuring the absorbance of hemoglobin release at 540nm. To examine the essentiality of S. aureus β-hemolysin in the enhancement of hemolysis by coculture of P. acnes and S. aureus, a β-hemolysin-deficient S. aureus (SAhlb−, 2 × 107CFUs) was incubated with sheep blood cells (PA+SAhlb− in 1:1 ratio with a total of 2 × 107CFUs) in the absence and presence of P. acnes. . (c) To determine the synergistic effect of CAMP factor and β-hemolysin on cytotoxicity, macrophage RAW264.7 cells (1 × 105 per well) were incubated with 10μl of 200μgml−1 recombinant proteins of GFP, CAMP factor, β-hemolysin, or the mixture of β-hemolysin plus CAMP factor or GFP at 37°C for 18hours. An equal volume of PBS was used as a negative control. After incubation, the cytotoxicity of recombinant proteins to macrophages was determined by an in vitro cytotoxicity assay as described in Materials and Methods. Data are represented as mean±SE (n=3, **P<0.005 by Student's t-test). NS, not significant.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /jid )
Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Propionibacterium acnes intensifies Staphylococcus aureus-induced skin lesions. (a) Wild-type S. aureus (SAwt, 1 × 107 colony-forming units (CFUs)), P. acnes (PA, 1 × 107CFUs), or P. acnes plus wild-type S. aureus (PA+SAwt, 1:1 ratio with a total of 2 × 107CFUs) in 50μl phosphate-buffered saline was subcutaneously injected into the dorsal skins of imprinting control region mice to induce skin lesions. (b) Lesion sizes were examined and quantified 2 days after injection. Representative photographs of dorsal skin lesions are shown. Data are means of two independent experiments (n=8, *P<0.05 by Student's t-test).
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /jid )
Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
The immunogenicity of β-hemolysin and the combination of β-hemolysin vaccination and Christie, Atkins, Munch-Peterson (CAMP) factor neutralization confer immune protection against bacteria-induced skin lesions. (a) Recombinant β-hemolysin (arrowheads) was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). Competent cells transformed with the pEcoli-Nterm 6 × HN vector-inserted cDNA encoding β-hemolysin were incubated without (-) or with (+) isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for 4hours and then subjected to 12% SDS-PAGE. Purified β-hemolysin is shown in the right panel. (b) The identity of recombinant β-hemolysin was analyzed by Nano liquid chromatography linear trap quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (NanoLC-LTQ MS/MS). Tryptic digests of purified recombinant β-hemolysin were subjected to NanoLC-LTQ MS/MS. A sequenced internal peptide (NNDVVIFNEAFDNGASDK) of β-hemolysin is presented. The m/z value of each “y” and “b” ion in collision-induced dissociation spectra is indicated. All sequenced peptides are shown in Supplementary Table S1 online. (c) Immunogenicity of β-hemolysin was evaluated by western blotting. Imprinting control region mice were intranasally vaccinated with UV-inactivated E. coli BL21 (DE3) overexpressing β-hemolysin or green fluorescence protein (GFP). Anti-antisera were collected 1 week after second vaccination. One microgram of recombinant β-hemolysin was separated via 12% SDS-PAGE, transferred to an Immobilon-P polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and reacted with anti-β-hemolysin (left lane) or anti-GFP antiserum (right lane), in 1:2,000 dilution. (d) The GFP- (upper row) and β-hemolysin-immunized mice (lower row) were used for evaluation of immune protection. Mice were injected subcutaneously with the mixture of wild-type Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes (1:1 ratio with a total of 2 × 107 colony-forming units in 50μl phosphate-buffered saline) that were preincubated with 5% (v/v) anti-CAMP factor antiserum (right panel) or anti-GFP antiserum (left panel) at 25°C for 1hour. Lesion sizes were examined 2 days after injection. (e) Skin lesions were measured and statistics compiled. Representative photographs of dorsal skin lesions are shown. Data are from two independent replicated experiments (***P<0.001; Tukey's honest significant difference comparing the four treatments, in a two-way analysis of variance on log-transformed data comparing the four treatments, with day included as a blocking factor).
Journal of Investigative Dermatology  , DOI: ( /jid )
Copyright © 2011 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions