1. The Rise of Mercantilist Empires

2. The Tudors Unify England
House Tudor gains power after winning the War of the Roses in 1485.
Star Chamber is created to become the highest court (only for nobles of course).
Weights and measures are set, begging is punished, tariffs are issued, local elites are given power (justice of the peace), monopolies are granted.
All of this expands trade and unifies England.
A bureaucracy is created which effectively administered.
Wales and Ireland are subjugated.

3. Mary
After the death of Henry VIII Edward briefly ruled followed by “bloody” Mary who executed protestants.
When she died Elizabeth I became queen and agreed to religious toleration.
Puritanism will sweep through England and eventually many Puritans will leave for America.

4. Elizabeth I
Ruled through patronage and encouraged a feeling of belonging to a nationality “English.”
Efficiently governed with the bureaucracy of her father.
England became a manufacturing power.
Encouraged exploration and defeated the Spanish Armada.

5. Economic Power
England expanded trade and manufacturing more than any other country during this period.
Mortality rates fell and fertility rose.
Primogeniture helped keep land together.
Enclosure, though hated by the peasants, increased arable land and farming output.
Iron, timber, and coal industries were developed.

6. Colonization
The English colonies were a money making venture. And were developed for trade and extracting raw materials.
London will replace Antwerp as a power.
East India Company founded to rival Portugal and Spain.
Tobacco
Moved slowly, but this helped to develop powerful colonies…

7. Society Gentlemen, middling sort, poor. Noble vs Gentry.
The wealthy had a sense of community by serving on councils and helping to manage the cities.
The poor had terrible conditions.
Crime was severely punished, but poor laws were passed in 1598 to help the poor.

8. The Dutch Republic: The Rise and Decline of a Golden Age, 1581-1715

10. The emergence of Dutch power:
Anti Spanish & Anti Hapsburg resistance

11. 1581: Dutch Constitution
“As it is apparent to all that a prince is constituted by God to be ruler of a people, to defend them from oppression and violence as the shepherd his sheep…and when he does not behave, on the contrary, oppresses them, seeking opportunities to infringe their ancient customs and privileges, then he is no longer a prince but a tyrant, and the subjects are to consider him in no other view”

12. Chronology: The Rise
1609: Twelve Years’ Truce recognizes an independent Dutch state in northern provinces; founding of the Bank of Amsterdam
1612: Manhattan Island settled as a Dutch colony; New Haarlem colony created
1621: The Dutch West India Company is Created; Dutch prepare for war against Spain (30 Years’ War)

13. Chronology: The Height
1652: Portuguese South Africa is turned over to the VOC; origin of Afrikaaners
1640s-1660’s: Series of Navigation Acts passed by British Parliament against the Dutch
1670’s: French government issues first mercantilist policies directed against the Dutch and English

14. Why a Golden Age? SOCIAL: religious tolerance,bourgeoisie dominate
POLITICAL: Mercantile oligarchy balanced by the House of Orange “staatholder” (military ruler); relative political freedom
INTELLECTUAL: Scientific Revolution and
Enlightenment begin here
CULTURE: Dutch masters – painting
ECONOMICS: Financial & Shipping Power

15. Decentralized State Powerful Economy
The States General was a federal legislative body of the Dutch Republic.
Believed in religious pluralism.
An oligarchy of wealthy families dominated.
Stadtholder was more of a power broker with influence, no authority.
Amsterdam had the largest trading fleet, banking system, and warehousing facilities in Europe by the late 16th century.
Canals built, population rose.
Dutch East India company founded traded all the way to Japan.

16. Chronology: The Decline
1688: The Glorious Revolution in England
William of Orange (Dutch) and his Scottish wife, Mary, assume the royal crown of England.
1670’s – 1710’s: Series of commercial wars weaken the Dutch economy & govt
1715: Treaty of Utrecht. British mercantile power eclipses the Dutch.

17. An openness to capitalism
THE TULIP INDUSTRY

18. “An Old Jew”
Rembrandt van Rijn

19. De Hoek.

20. View of Delft,
by Vermeer.

21. “Study:
Head of a Negro”
Rembrandt van Rijn

22. Vermeer.

23. “The most bourgeois” of all European countries, 17th century.

24. Vermeer.

25. Dr. Tulp’s Anatomy Lesson by Rembrandt

26. The House of Orange balances the government….
William III of Orange

27. Science & Enligthenement Leeuewenhoek

28. The Microscope

29. Baruch Spinozza, Philosopher, 1632-1677
Portuguese Jew who fled to the Netherlands
Revived medieval Islamic tolerance
“god is in everything, and there is one god”
Father of Modern religious tolerance

30. Emblem of The Dutch East India Company, the “VOC” (in Dutch)

31. Domination of the global economy

32. Wars of commerce: Phase I: 1652-1674 Anglo-Dutch Wars
Phase II: Wars of Louis XIV
The Grand Alliance & The Nine Years’ War
The War of the Spanish Succession
1714 Treaties of Utrecht
Phase III: Seven Years’ War

34. The Girl with the Pearl Earring by Vermeer

35. Steen