1. Motivation, Emotion and Stress
AP Psychology
Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Essential Task: Compare and contrast the motivational theories of drive reduction theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs detailing the strengths and weaknesses of each.
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources
Measures
Theories
Effects
Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic Motivation
Human Drives
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources
Measures
Theories
Effects
Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic Motivation
Human Drives
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
We are here
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

4. Essential Task: Motivational Theories Drive Reduction Theory
Outline
Motivational Theories
Drive Reduction Theory
Strengths
Weaknesses
Arousal Theory
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

5. Theories of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Hierarchy of Needs/Motives
OBJECTIVE 1| Define motivation as psychologists use the term today, and name four perspectives useful for studying motivated behaviors.

6. Drive-Reduction Theory
When the instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951).
OBJECTIVE 3| Explain how drive-reduction theory views human motivation.
Tension

7. Drive-Reduction
The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state – balance. The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
Drive
Reduction
Food
Empty Stomach
(Food Deprived)
Stomach Full
Organism

8. Drive-Reduction Theory
Strengths
Does a nice job explaining most primary drives
Falls apart with more complex behaviors/secondary drives
Sex and Secondary Drives.
Outline

9. Optimum Arousal Humans seek optimum levels of arousal.
Sometimes we want lots of arousal
Sometimes we want very low arousal
Some of us tend to want more and some of us tend to want less.
OBJECTIVE 4| Discuss the contribution of arousal theory to the study of motivation.

10. Arousal Theory
People do things in order to seek out an optimal level of arousal for a given moment
I want a high level of arousal (“Let’s do something epic tonight”)
I want a low level of arousal (“Let’s stay in tonight.”)
“I’m bored with my life; I need a new job.”
“I am stressed at work; let’s take a vacation.”

11. Yerkes-Dodson Law
States that there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance on any task
The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated without interfering with performance

12. Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition.
OBJECTIVE 5| Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

13. Hierarchy of Needs