1. DEFENSE and SUPPORT:
Muscular and Skeletal Systems

2. How do these systems provide DEFENSE and SUPPORT?
Skeletal System: produces immune cells to protect against disease causing bacteria and viruses.
Muscular system: coordinates with the nervous system to help animals escape predators .

3. Muscular System:
The main organs of the muscular system are the _________. Muscles work by ________ when they contract. There are ___ types of muscles.
muscles
pulling 3

4. Types of Muscles: Skeletal Muscle
1. _________________: These muscles are usually attached to _______ and allow for the movement of ______. Since these muscles can be controlled by a person, they are known as __________ muscles. These muscles also help maintain our posture and protect internal organs.
Skeletal Muscle
bones
limbs
voluntary

5. a. Muscles are attached to bones with a special connective tissue known as a _______.
tendon

6. Types of Muscles: Smooth Muscle
2. ________________: This type of muscle is found within the walls of organs like the ___________, _________, and the diaphragm allowing these organs to ________ and ________. Smooth muscle is not under conscious control, so it is known as ____________ muscle.
intestines
bladder
expand
contract
involuntary
Image by Theresa Knott

7. -Smooth muscle also helps move food through your digestive tract via the process peristalsis.

8. Types of Muscles: Cardiac Muscle
3. _______________: This type of muscle is not under your control, so it is also considered ____________. It is only found in the _______ which is why it is called ________ muscle.
involuntary
heart
cardiac

9. Characteristics and Functions:
a. Skeletal muscles work in _____. In your arms, your _______ cause it to bend while your _______ cause it to straighten out.
pairs
biceps
triceps

10. energy ATP mitochondria muscle
Why do muscles cramp?
Lactic Acid buildup
b. Muscles use a large amount of ________. This requires them to produce large amounts of the energy molecule called _____. These molecules are produced in the _____________ through the process of cellular respiration. This is why there are a greater than average number of mitochondria in ________ cells.
energy
ATP
mitochondria
muscle

11. c. Cellular respiration requires the body to absorb ________ gas
c. Cellular respiration requires the body to absorb ________ gas. When ____ cannot be absorbed fast enough, the body produces a compound known as __________.
oxygen O2
lactic acid

12. Organization of Life: Muscular System
Cell
Muscle Fiber (Myofibril)
Tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Organ
Bicep
Stomach
Heart
Organ System
Muscular System

13. Muscular Body System Interactions:
Digestive System: smooth muscle found in the stomach and intestinal tract helps move digested food through the body.
Circulatory /Respiratory System: products of cellular respiration (CO2, lactic acid) from the muscular system are removed via the blood stream.
Nervous System: signals muscles to contract for movement and response to environmental stimuli.

14. Fun Facts
Adults have a set number of muscle cells; exercise enlarges the cells, but does not create new cells.
A single muscle cell in the human thigh muscle can extend up to 12 inches long.
The leg muscles of a locust are about 1000 times more powerful than an equal weight of human muscle.
The muscle that lets your eye blink is the fastest muscle in your body. It allows you to blink 5 times a second.
Pushing the Limits: Strength: Muscles: Superhuman Strength

15. Skeletal System:
The main organs of the skeletal system are the bones. Bones work with muscles to move, protect and support sensitive internal organs, store minerals and make blood cells.

16. Evolutionary Trends of the Skeletal System
Simple
Complex
Skeleton
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
Type of support
Have muscles surrounding a fluid-filled cavity . When contracted, they push against the fluid and cause the body to change shape.
A hard external skeleton, made of chitin and is continually shed as the organism grows - molting.
Have a well developed Endoskeleton or internal skeleton made of calcified plates.
Picture of system
Examples
Annelids (worms) and Cnidarians (Jellyfish)
Arthropods (Insects) and Crustaceans
mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, amphibians, starfish

17. Characteristics and Functions
a. Bones are attached to other bones with special connective tissues known as _________.
ligaments

18. b. A place where one bone attaches to another is called a joint.
Types of Joints:
Ball-in- Socket
Hinge
Gliding
Pivot

19. c. Bones are a living part of your body that contain _________ tissue to send and receive information, as well as blood vessels to bring the __________ and ________ gas that is necessary for the bones’ health and growth.
nervous
nutrients
oxygen

20. d. Bone is composed of two types of tissue:
Spongy: soft, interior layer of bone tissue.
Site of red blood cell production
Less dense
Contains bone marrow
Compact: outer layer of tissue surrounding bone.
Stores minerals – Calcium.
Extremely dense and strong

21. marrow blood circulatory
Photo by Steve Fruitsmaak
e. Bone _________ is found inside of bones. This tissue is responsible for creating new _______ cells in animals. These cells are a vital part of the ___________ system.
marrow
blood
circulatory

22. f. Bones are protected at joints by a thin layer of cartilage
f. Bones are protected at joints by a thin layer of cartilage. Cartilage is softer and more flexible than bone tissue and cushions the joints.

23. Organization of Life: Skeletal System
 BONE TISSUE: Compact or Spongy
 BONES:
Femur, Tibia, Patella
 SKELETAL
 BONE CELL: OSTEOCYTE

24. Skeletal Body System Interactions:
Circulatory System: bones help produce new blood cells in addition to storing minerals transported by the circulatory system.
Muscular System: bones and muscles work in opposing pairs to perform body movement. Muscles and bones support, protect, and maintain posture for the human body.
Nervous System: bones protect many vital organs of the nervous system – Skull (brain), Vertebrae (spinal cord).

25. Pushing the Limits: Strength: Bones: Strong and Flexible