1. Acids, bases, and solutions
Chapter 3 Section 1

2. Key concepts
What are the characteristics of solutions, colloids, and suspensions?
What happens to the particles of a solute when a solution forms?
How do solutes affect the freezing point of a solvent?

3. Key terms
Solution
Solvent
Solute
Colloid
suspension

4. Main idea of a solution
Solution: a well-mixed mixture that contains a solvent and at least one solute
Solvent: the part of a solution present in the largest amount.
It dissolves the other substances.
Solute: the substance that is present in a solution in a smaller amount and is dissolved by the solvent.
A solution has the same properties throughout. It contains solute particle that are too small to see.
Water is the universal solvent.

5. apply We have two liquids, A and B. There are 10 ml in liquid A
There are 20 ml in liquid B
Which substance is the solvent and which is the solute?

6. Colloids and suspensions
Not all mixtures are solutions. Some are colloids or suspensions.
Colloid: a mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out.
Suspensions: a mixture in which particles can be seen and easily peparated by settling or filtration.
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7. compare Colloids Suspensions
A colloid contains larger particles than a solution.
Particles are still to small to see.
Particles are large enough to scatter a beam of light.
Particles will not settle.
A suspension does not have the same properties throughout.
Contains visible particles
Particles will settle out.
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8. Particles in a solution
When a solution forms, particles of the solute leave each other and become surrounded by particles of the solvent.
Ionic and molecular solutes:
Positive and negative ions are attracted to the polar water molecules.
Sugar and water break into individual molecules.
Solutes and conductivity:
A solution of ionic compounds in water conduct electricity.

9. Effects of solutes on solvents
Solutes lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point of a solvent.
Lowers the freezing point:
Crystals form when water freezes
The solutes make it harder for water to form crystals.
Higher boiling points:
In liquid water, molecules are close to each other.
Higher temperatures allow these molecules to move faster and escape liquid form.
Solutes prevent these molecules from escaping.