1. Cambridge IGCSE American History (US)
Kofa High School

2. Government and the People 1754-2000
Theme 1
Government and the People

3. Key Question 1
How did Americans develop the US Political System during the period from 1754 to 1865?
What role did political ideas have before 1776?
How was the constitution created?
How and to what extent did the political system move toward democracy?
How important was the principle of states rights before 1861?

4. The Thirteen Original Colonies

5. Colonists Response to British Rule 1754-76
Royal Colonies-owned directly by the king
Proprietary Colonies-land grant, somewhat free
Charter Colonies-almost totally free
Identify the colony types on a map.

6. Colonists Response to British Rule 1754-76
Until the mid-1700s, colonies allowed freedom.
In 1760, King George III imposed new taxes and laws on the colonists.
Stamp Act
Sugar Act
Townsend Act
Intolerable Acts

7. Colonists Response to British Rule 1754-76
Sons of Liberty form-led by Samuel Adams
Key events lead us towards revolution
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Lexington and Concord
Colonies meet in representative Congresses
Why do people in Boston seem to want to protest more?

8. Adams, Jefferson, Paine Adams urges revolution in Congresses
What was the original purpose of these various Congresses?
Paine-publishes “Common Sense”
What is it about?
What effect does it have?
Jefferson-authors Declaration of Independence

9. Creation of the Constitution and Bill of Rights 1781-90
Victorious colonies stay with Articles of Confederation as their government.
What were the positive/negative aspects to this type of government?
Event pushes US to fix their government.
Shay’s Rebellion

10. “a firm league of friendship” among the States.
The Articles of Confederation
“a firm league of friendship” among the States.
Obligations
Obey Congress
Respect the laws of the other States.
Powers
Declare war
Deal with national finance issues
Settle disputes among the States.

13. Creation of the Constitution and Bill of Rights 1781-90
Constitutional Convention is called.
Issues at first between big state and small states.
Why? What were the plans of big and small states when it came to the legislative branch?

14. Conflicting Plans Virginia Plan 3 branches
2 houses of congress – bicameral
Number of reps determined by population
New Jersey Plan
3 branches
1 house of congress
Equal number of reps for all states

15. The Great Compromise Also known as the Connecticut Compromise
Combine Plans
2 houses of congress
House of Reps – based on population
Slaves count as 3/5 of a person
Senate – 2 reps per state
Large and Small states benefit

17. Identify these other Compromises
3/5ths compromise
Commerce and Slave Trade compromise

18. Creation of the Constitution and Bill of Rights 1781-90
Constitution drafted Sept 17th, 1787
Disagreement immediately on whether or not it should be approved and ratified.
Two Rival Groups form
Federalist
Anti-Federalist

19. Federalists vs Anti-Federalists
Supported constitution
strong federal gov’t
Would create a strong stable nation
Anti-Federalists
opposed constitution
Power in the states
Federal gov’t would abuse power
Gov’t should be close to home

20. Bill of Rights What are they? Only way states would agree
Only way states would agree
12 Amendments sent around to states for ratification
10 were approved

21. Political Beginnings 1st President – G. Washington 2 party system
Originally Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
Bank of the United States
Creation of Washington D.C.

22. Washington Accomplishments
America felt an obligation to help French Revolution
Washington chose neutrality – not choosing sides
Created cabinet
Warned us of future issues in “Farewell Address”
2 terms is enough

23. Original Provisions (FYI)
The President and Vice President are chosen by presidential electors.
This group is known as the Electoral College
Originally, these electors each cast two electoral votes, each for a different candidate. The candidate with the most votes would become President, and the candidate with the second highest total would become Vice President.

24. The Rise of Parties
With the rise of political parties in 1796, flaws began to be seen in the system.
Adams beat Jefferson by 3 votes
Jefferson became his VP (rival party)

25. John Adams Accomplishments
XYZ Affair
Alien and Sedition Act
Appoints people on his way out of office to sabotage Jefferson
Leads to case of Marbury v. Madison
Creates Judicial Review

26. Election of 1800 Tie went to the House of Reps
Took 36 ballots to select Jefferson
Led to a Constitutional change-12th Amendment

27. Presidency of Thomas Jefferson
Elected in 1800
Average guy – simplified presidency
Louisiana Purchase – from France
$18 per square mile
Lewis and Clark
Explore the west, find a northwest passage

29. Presidents and Parties before 1850
James Monroe-Monroe Doctrine
Andrew Jackson suffers defeat in 1824.
Calls it a “Corrupt Bargain”
Why? What happened?
Andrew Jackson elected in 1828 as 1st Democrat

30. Andrew Jackson Shuts down the National bank Indian Removal Act
Ignores the Supreme Court
Fights for Federal power
Nullification issue
Spoils System – cleaning house
“to the victor goes the spoils”
Appoints best friends

31. New Political Parties Republican – opposed slavery
Democrat – states rights, divided on slavery
Whig – pro business, divided on slavery
Know Nothing – Anti-immigration
Free-Soil – anti-expansion of slavery

32. Death of a President
William Henry Harrison, Whig, dies after being president for 32 days.
Vice President John Tyler takes over office
How does this impact the presidency?