1. Socialization and the Life Course

2. The Role of Socialization
Module 13
The Role of Socialization
Socialization: Lifelong process in which people learn appropriate attitudes, values, and behaviors
Nature vs. nurture

3. The Self and Socialization
Module 14
The Self and Socialization
Self: Distinct identity that sets us apart from others
The self is not a static phenomenon
It continues to develop and change

4. The Self
“ That part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self image.” (Mead)

5. The Self Self develops only with social experience.
Social experience is the exchange of symbols. (Meaning Making)------Other people’s actions may affect you depending on how you understand the action)
Understanding intention requires imagining the situation from the other’s point of view.

6. The Self Mead----- The I and the Me
I (active) (initiate action, we define ourselves as the way we understand the self)
Me (passive) (we imagine ourselves as others see us)

7. How do we really define the SELF?
“The concept, unique to humans, of being able to see ourselves “from the outside”; our internalized perception how others see us” (Henslin,2002)

8. Different Views

11. SELF Parents Friends Globalization Peers Society Media
Experiences/events
Religion
Culture
Politics
Environment
Religion
Friends
Classmates
Church
FRAMEWORK OF SELF

12. Cooley: Looking-Glass Self
Module 14
Cooley: Looking-Glass Self
View of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities (values, attitudes, personality, habits, interests) and impressions of how others perceive us
Looking-glass self: The self is product of social interactions with other people 12

13. Looking Glass Self
We imagine how we appear to those around us. (how others see us)
We interpret other’s reactions. (like or dislike)
We develop a self-concept. (based on belongingness, rejection, positive or negative self-concept)

14. Mead: Stages of the Self
Module 14
Mead: Stages of the Self
Preparatory Stage: Children imitate people around them
As they grow older, children become more adept at using symbols 14

15. Mead: Stages of the Self
Module 14
Mead: Stages of the Self
Play Stage: Children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs
Role taking: Process of mentally assuming perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint 15

16. Mead: Stages of the Self
Module 14
Mead: Stages of the Self
Game Stage: Children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously
Generalized others: Attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account 16

17. Mead: Theory of the Self
Module 14
Mead: Theory of the Self
Self begins as a central position in a person’s world
As the person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others
Significant others: Individuals most important in the development of the self 17

18. Table 14-1: Mead’s Stages of the Self
Module 14
Table 14-1: Mead’s Stages of the Self 18

19. Goffman: Presentation of the Self
Module 14
Goffman: Presentation of the Self
Impression management: Individual learns to slant presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
Also known as dramaturgical approach
Face-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction 19

20. Psychological Approaches to the Self
Module 14
Psychological Approaches to the Self
Piaget
Emphasized stages that humans progress through as the self develops
Cognitive theory of development: four stages in development of children’s thought processes
Social interaction key to development 20

21. Stages of Development Sensorimotor Stage (birth to age 2)
Understanding is limited
Contact based on sucking, touching, listening, and seeing
Infants cannot think yet

22. Stages of Development Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
Children develop the ability to use symbols.
They understand common concepts like size, color, speed, causation.
They can count but they do not understand what it means

23. Stages of Development Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 12)
Can understand numbers, causation, speed and they are able to take the role of the other.

24. Stages of Development Formal Operational Stage (12) Abstract thinking
Can talk about concepts
It is at this stage that children act like young philosophers

25. Most difficult socialization challenges occur in later years
Module 14
The Life Course
Rites of Passage: Means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person’s status
Life Course Approach: Looking closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives
Most difficult socialization challenges occur in later years 25

26. Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization
Module 14
Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization
Anticipatory socialization: Person “rehearses” future occupations and social relationships
Resocialization: Discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones during transitions in one’s life 26

27. Table 14-3: Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood
Module 14
Table 14-3: Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood 27

28. Agents of Socialization
Module 15
Agents of Socialization
Family
Cultural Influences
The Impact of Race and Gender
Gender roles: Expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females 28

29. Agents of Socialization
Module 15
Agents of Socialization
School
Teaches values and customs of larger society
Traditionally socialized children into conventional gender roles
Peer Group
As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume role of Mead’s significant others 29

30. Socialization
Transmit knowledge and culture
Social control and personal development
Training
Impose social solidarity
To maintain social roles
To maintain division of labor in society

31. Socialization
In Japan, they want their students to be uniform to shadow differences in background.
Free tuition in public schools (compulsory).
Uniforms, school supplies, and books are provided for free and of the same kind.
Lunch at school.

32. Socialization No first section.
All curriculum, timing, and delivery of lessons are standardized.
All graduating students will be exposed to all kinds of careers to which they could choose from.
Requiring parents to attend PTAs.
Making school activities a community or family affair.
Their egalitarian philosophy of education perhaps necessitates them to treat even children from mixed marriages as Japanese.

33. Sociology of Education
Children at early stage should acquire the idea that they need to help others.
Children should not only learn to judge but to determine how to respond to it.
Teachers definition of school situation should lead them to conduct their classes in ways that have systematic effects on students’ socialization for moral judgment.
When entire faculty see students in positive terms, students tend to comply willingly.

34. Culture of DLSU

35. Agents of Socialization
Module 15
Agents of Socialization
Mass Media and Technology
Technology socializes families into multitasking as social norm
68% of U.S. children have television in their bedrooms
Nearly half of youths ages 8 to 18 use the Internet every day 35

36. Agents of Socialization
Module 15
Agents of Socialization
Workplace
Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is a fundamental aspect of human socialization
Religion and State
Government and organized religion impact life course by reinstituting some rites of passage 36

37. Table 15-1: High School Popularity
Module 15
Table 15-1: High School Popularity 37

38. Research Today Online Socializing: A New Agent of Socialization
Module 15
Research Today
Online Socializing: A New Agent of Socialization
Do you list your “friends” on an online social networking site? If so, what is your motivation for doing so?
Do you think the advantages of online social networking outweigh the disadvantages? 38