1. Pan Africanism American Colonization Society Map of Liberia
Kwame Nkrumah
Pan-African Congress
Négritude
Aimé Césaire

2. American Colonization Society
In 1822, the American Colonization Society (ACS) was formed “to send free African-Americans to Africa as an alternative to emancipation in the United States.”
The colony the society founded was called Liberia.
More than 13,000 African Americans moved to the new colony.

3. Joseph Jenkins Roberts, first president of Liberia (above)
American Colonization Society: ship leaving New York City for Liberia
Daniel Webster, a member of the American Colonization Society

4. In 1847, the colony became the independent nation of Liberia.
Map of Liberia
In 1847, the colony became the independent nation of Liberia.

5. Pan-Africanism Kwame Nkrumah Marcus Garvey W.E.B. Du Bois
Pan-Africanism was about unity, shared identity, and cultural heritage of people of African descent.
These ideas were expressed by writers like W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey.
Kwame Nkrumah, the founder and first president of the modern nation of Ghana, was one of the most influential Pan-Africanists of the 20th century.

6. Kwame Nkrumah
“Africa is a paradox which illustrates and highlights neo-colonialism. Her earth is rich, yet the products that come from above and below the soil continue to enrich, not Africans predominantly, but groups and individuals who operate to Africa’s impoverishment.”
"History has shown that where the Great Powers cannot colonize, they balkanize. This is what they did to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and this is what they have done and are doing in Africa. If we allow ourselves to be balkanized, we shall be re-colonized and be picked off one after the other...."
"Common territory, language and culture may in fact be present in a nation, but the existence of a nation does not necessarily imply the presence of all three. Common territory and language alone may form the basis of a nation. Similarly, common territory plus common culture may be the basis. In some cases, only one of the three applies. A state may exist on a multi-national basis. The community of economic life is the major feature within a nation, and it is the economy which holds together the people living in a territory. It is on this basis that the new Africans recognize themselves as potentially one nation, whose domination is the entire African continent."

7. Pan-African Congress W.E.B. Du Bois Pan-African Congress, 1919
In 1919, the first of five Pan-African Congresses was held. The congress was organized by W.E.B. Du Bois. 
Fifteen African countries were represented.
Their goal was to change the way Europeans governed Africa, with the eventual goal of African independence.
They hoped to influence the Versailles Peace Conference at the end of World War I.

8. Pan-African Conferences
Met again in 1921, 1923, & 1927
Pushed for self rule
Define of relationship of Europe and Africa
1945: 5th Pan African Congress
90 delegates, 26 from Africa
W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey’s wife were in attendance
Declared condemnation of capitalist systems and racial discrimination

9. Négritude
Léopold Sédar Senghor
Léon Damas, French poet
Négritude (meaning “blackness”) was a French-language literary movement begun by black students and intellectuals in Paris during the 1930s.
The Négritude movement was founded by Léopold Sédar Senghor (later the first president of Senegal) and poets Léon Damas and Aimé Césaire.
They expressed the colonial experience using elements of modernism, surrealism, and jazz.

10. Langston Hughes
Richard Wright
The Négritude movement was highly influenced by the Harlem Renaissance and the works of poets such as Langston Hughes and Richard Wright.

11. -- Aimé Césaire: une voix pour l'histoire [A Voice for History]
Aimé Césaire of the French colony of Martinique is an outstanding poet of the Négritude movement. In a 1967 interview, Césaire explained:
“We lived in an atmosphere of rejection, and we developed an inferiority complex.” The desire to establish an identity begins with “a concrete consciousness of what we are…that we are black...and have a history…[that] there have been beautiful and important black civilizations…that its values were values that could still make an important contribution to the world.”
-- Aimé Césaire: une voix pour l'histoire [A Voice for History]

12. South Africa A British Colony
Two nationalist movements rise after the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
The white Afrikaner nationalist movement which is represented by the National Party, formed in January 1914.
The black nationalist movement is led by the African National Congress (ANC), formed in 1912.

13. South Africa cont.
The Afrikaner nationalist movement grew in popularity over the next 30 years, playing on Afrikaner (white) resentment of the British control of most of South Africa's economy and fear of the black majority.
In 1948 the National Party wins the all-white general election.
The basis of the campaign that won this election was to introduce a system of “apartheid” to totally separate the races.

14. South Africa cont.
Opposition to the “apartheid” system by the black majority is ruthlessly suppressed.
It receives increasing support from the white electorate.
The National Party (white) remained in power until 1994.

15. Questions
Pretend you were born in Nigeria, South Africa, or Kenya. Explain why you might want your country to be independent from European rule. What do you want to happen when your country is independent? What kind of rule would you like to live under?