1. 12
Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia

2. The Spread of Islamic Civilization
The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
The Coming of Islam to South Asia
The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia

4. The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak

5. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries
Peasant revolts
Al-Mahdi ( )
Shi’a unreconciled
Succession not secure

6. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras
Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes
Harun al-Rashid
Son of al-Mahdi
The Thousand and One Nights
Barmicides
Persian advisors
Death followed by civil war
Al-Ma'mun

7. Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder
Civil unrest
Caliphs build lavishly
Tax burden increases
Agriculture suffers

8. The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society
Seclusion, veil
Polygyny

9. Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power
Former provinces threaten Abbasids
Buyids, Persia
Take Baghdad, 945
Sultans
Seljuk Turks
1055, defeat Buyids
Sunnis
Shi'a purges
Defeat Byzantines, Egypt

10. The Impact of the Christian Crusades
1096, western European Christian knights
Small kingdoms established
Saladin retakes lands
Last in 1291

11. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements
Urban growth
Merchants thrive

12. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature
Persian the court language
Administration, literature
Arabic in religion, law, sciences
Calligraphy
Firdawsi
Shah-Nama
Epic poem

13. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature
Sa'di
Omar Kayyan
Rubaiyat

14. Achievements in the Sciences
Math
Build on Greek work
Chemistry
Experiments
Al-Razi
Al-Biruni
Specific weights

15. The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries

16. Achievements in the Sciences
Medicine
Hospitals
Courses of study

17. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion
Sufis
Mysticism
Ulama
Conservative
Against outside influence
Greek philosophy rejected
Qur'an sufficient

18. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion
Al-Ghazali
Synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas
Opposed by orthodoxy

19. New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate
Mongols
Chinggis Khan
Hulegu
1258, Baghdad falls
Last Abbasid killed

20. Modern States with a Sizable Muslim Population

21. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central
Conflict between two different systems
Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism
Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system

22. Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions
First as traders, 8th century
Attacks lead to invasion
Muhammad ibn Qasim
Umayyad general
Takes Sind, Indus valleys
Indians treated as dhimmi

23. Early Islam in India

24. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization
Science, math, medicine, music, astronomy
India influences Arab

25. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions
10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan
Mahmud of Ghazni
Begins invasion of India

26. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions
Muhammad of Ghur
Persian
State in Indus valley
Thence to Bengal
His lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak
forms state at Delhi
Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years

27. Patterns of Conversion
Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables
Also, conversion to escape taxes
Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries

28. Patterns of Accommodation
High-caste Hindus remain apart
Muslims also often fail to integrate

29. Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival
Bhakti
Devotional cults
Emotional approach
Caste distinctions dissolved
Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially
Mira Bai, Kabir,
Songs in regional languages

30. Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period
Brahmins v. ulama
Separate communities

31. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
Shrivijaya
Trading Contacts and Conversion
Trading leads to peaceful conversion
Sufis important
Starting with Sumatran ports

32. The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia

33. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
Malacca
Thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java)
Coastal cities especially receptive
Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam
Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam