2. The Pancreas
Contains two types of cells: one produces digestive enzymes and the other produces hormones
Hormone producing cells are located in structures called the islets of Langerhans
The islets contain beta and alpha cells that are responsible for the production of insulin (beta) and glucagon (alpha)

3. Insulin Released when the blood sugar levels increase
The insulin causes cells of the muscles, liver, and other organs to become permeable to glucose.
Also, in the liver, glucose is converted into glycogen, the primary storage form for glucose
This leads to a decrease in the blood sugar level.

4. Glucagon Causes an increase in the blood sugar levels
Released when the blood sugar is too low, such as after periods of fasting
Promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose, which is released into the blood.
Blood sugar levels will return to normal

6. Hyperglycemia High blood sugar levels
The kidneys are not able to filter out the blood glucose so glucose appears in the urine
Glucose draws out large amounts of water do people with diabetes excrete very large amounts of urine

10. Islet Cell Transplants
Holds the potential to reverse the effects of diabetes
One of the main problems with this is immune rejection.

14. Aldosterone, Blood Pressure and Blood Volume
Increase in fluid loss can decrease blood pressure which reduces the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is found near the glomerulus and detects changes in blood pressure.
Low pressure causes the release of renin, an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin

15. Angiotensin causes constriction of blood vessels
Also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule and collecting duct to absorb sodium, causing blood pressure and blood volume to increase.
This pathway is called the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

16. ADH vs Aldosterone Both increase water reabsorption
ADH responds to an increase in osmotic pressure (dehydrated)
Aldosterone responds when blood volume is reduced but the osmotic pressure remains the same (large loss of body fluid from a hemorrhage)

17. 15.5 Adjustments to Stress

18. As a class read through 15.5 together