1. Chapter One: Southeast Asian Musical Processes

2. Layers of Southeast Asian History
Early human habitation
Waves of immigration
Sino-Tibetan
Mon-Khmer
Malay

3. Layers of Southeast Asian History (cont.)
Indic ideas (Hinduism / Buddhism)
Chinese (trade and diasporas)
Islam / Middle-Eastern
European colonialism
Global ideologies

4. Three Southeast Asian Musical Processes
Ostinato
Short, repeated rhythmic/melodic pattern/phrase
Simultaneous variation / heterophony
two or more concurrent melodic lines
each recognizable as variant of same tune
Interlocking
Separate musical parts
coordinated to sound like a single sound stream

5. Toba Batak Gondang Music
ostinato
interlock to create cycle
simultaneous variation

6. Summary Disparate languages, religions, histories
Shared ecology and technologies
Bamboo and bronze
Shared musical processes
Ostinato
Simultaneous variation (heterophony)
Interlocking