1. Treating Obesity as a Disease: What Are the Underlying Causes?

3. Introduction/Overview

4. The Global Obesity Epidemic

5. The Role of the Obesogenic Environment in the Obesity Epidemic

6. Role of Genetics, the Environment, and Individual Characteristics in the Development of Obesity

7. The Ready Availability of Foods That Promote Obesity

8. Obesity and Cardiometabolic, Mechanical, and Psychological Comorbidities

9. Life Expectancy Decreases as BMI Increases

10. Why Obesity Is a Disease

11. Phenotyping the "Metabolically Healthy Obese": Key Clinical Parameters

12. Adiposity Is an Important Risk Factor for T2DM

13. Mechanisms of Obesity Leading to CVD: Lipid Overflow

14. Obesity Is a Major Risk Factor for NAFLD

15. Multiple Hormonal Signals Interpreted by the Central Nervous System Influence Appetite

16. Weight and Energy Balance: Current Perspective

17. Key Targets for Energy Metabolism Homeostasis: Appetite-Regulating Hormones

18. Linkages Between Obesity and Cancer

19. Weight Loss Is a Challenge Because, Physiologically, It Is Perceived as a Dysfunction

20. Gut Hormone Changes Persistently Oppose Diet-Induced Weight Loss

21. Chronic Care Management of Weight-Loss Patients: The Multidisciplinary Team

22. Weight Loss as "Famine"

23. "The Biggest Loser" and the Persistence of Metabolic Adaptation

24. Development of Healthier, Reward-Based Eating Habits

25. The Importance of Managing Patient Expectations

26. Available Weight Loss Agents

27. Orlistat-Induced Weight Loss and Maintenance at 1 Year

28. Smarter Medicine

29. Bariatric Surgery Is Associated With Sustained Weight Loss Over 15 Years

30. Anemia and Nutritional Deficiencies Associated With Bariatric Surgery

31. Mechanisms of Bariatric Surgery

32. Treating Obesity as a Chronic Condition

33. SCALE Maintenance: Proportion of Patients Maintaining Run-In Weight Loss or Regaining ≥ 5% From Randomization to Week 56

34. Summary and Conclusions

35. Abbreviations

36. Abbreviations (cont)