1. SPONCH
What is SPONCH?

2. TEXT SUPPORT
2-1

3. SPONCH S= Sulfur P= Phosphorus O= Oxygen N= Nitrogen C= Carbon
6 most important elements to life
S= Sulfur
P= Phosphorus
O= Oxygen
N= Nitrogen
C= Carbon
H= Hydrogen

4. Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass

5. Element
Simplest form of matter, cannot be broken down chemically into a simpler kind of matter

6. Periodic Table of Elements
Organized table of elements discovered so far
Organized according to atomic structure and chemical characteristics

7. Atoms and Atomic Structure
Atoms are the simplest form of an element that keeps all the properties of the element

8. Model of the Atom Parts of the atom:
Protons (+), Neutrons and Electrons (-)
Nucleus: central core of the atom that contains
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons orbit the nucleus

9. Determining Atomic Structure Using the Periodic Table
Atomic number = # of protons and is smaller number by the symbol
Atomic mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons
Assume for now that protons =electrons

10. Practice Element # protons # neutrons # electrons hydrogen 1 helium
helium
carbon
oxygen
sodium
chlorine
argon
sulfur

11. Practice Element # protons # neutrons # electrons hydrogen 1 helium 2
helium 2
carbon 6
oxygen 8
sodium 11 12
chlorine 17 18
argon 22
sulfur 16

12. Types of Bonds COVALENT – strong bond between elements
IONIC- attraction between elements due to opposite charges (weaker than covalent)
HYDROGEN – weakest type of bond

13. Covalent Sharing of electrons to fill the valence shell
Examples– methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

14. Ionic One element gains electrons becoming ____
The other element loses electrons becoming _____________
Opposites attract
Ionic compounds
Dissolve easily in water
EX. NaCl

15. Hydrogen bonds Caused by partial positive and negative charges
Water is best example
ﮦ -
ﮦ +

16. How does salt dissolve in water?
Na+ and Cl –
Ions become attracted to the partial charges on water

17. Biology I know the following… *atomic mass *atomic number
Today’s Agenda:
Biology
I know the following…
*atomic mass
*atomic number
*how to find # of protons
*how to find # of neutrons
*how to find # of electrons
*atomic structure (drawings)
*types of bonds

18. QUIZ on Basic Chem.
2-1

19. Element Atomic Mass Atomic Number # of protons # of neutrons
Chemistry Basics Quiz
Element
Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
# of protons
# of neutrons
# of electrons Li
Lithium He
Helium B
Boron Na
Sodium

20. Draw the following atoms
Carbon
Oxygen
WATER H2O

21. CARBON – the building block of life!
DRAW Carbon
Carbon is able to covalently bond with up to four other elements or form double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.

22. Carbon Carbon chains make up many structures of living organisms.
Varying carbon chains’ structure and/or adding various atoms and molecules to the carbon chain will change it’s function

23. MAKE CH4
* MAKE C2H6
* MAKE C2H4

24. Group of 4 Make…
C4H10 – two different ways

25. Ring Forms of Carbons
Make C4H8 with NO DOUBLE BONDS

26. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Add a hydroxyl group (-OH) to a 2 carbon chain
You just made ethanol – an alcohol that destroys liver cells

27. MACROMOLECULES 4 Large Molecules Important to Life Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

28. Stuff to know! Chapter 2-3 Chapter 2-1 Carbon chem Atomic #
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Chapter 2-1
Atomic #
Atomic mass
Atomic structure
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Water chemistry
Solutions,Solvents,pH
polarity

29. CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O)n
Functions= provides energy (glucose is energy source for cells
Monomers = monosaccharides
Examples = glucose, fructose and galactose (all 3 = C6H12O6 so they are isomer)

30. Two linked = disaccharides
Examples = sucrose (glucose and fructose) and lactose

31. Polymer = polysaccharides
Examples = glycogen (animals) starch (plants)

32. Why “bulk-up” on carbs?
Why not eat carbs?

33. CONDENSATION REACTION

34. HOW WOULD THIS GET BROKEN DOWN?
HYDROLYSIS

35. PROTEINS Monomers = amino acids All amino acids have R-groups differ
Amine group (NH2)
Carboxyl group (COOH)
R-groups differ

36. Dipeptide

37. FUNCTIONS of PROTEINS Structural Hormones Transport Histones
ENZYMES!!!

38. Lock and Key Model

39. What symptoms would you have if you had sickle cell anemia?

40. 1 amino acid is wrong in the hemoglobin sequence = mis-shaped RBCs

41. LIPIDS
MONOMERS = fatty acids
Saturated
Unsaturated

42. COMPLEX
TRIGLYCERIDES
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
WAXES

43. FUNCTIONS TRIGLYCERIDES – insulation and energy storage
PHOSPHOLIPDS – main component in cell membranes

44. HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES
Fats such as cholesterol and saturated fatty acids build up in arteries
What other factors contribute to arteriosclerosis?

45. Concept Map Section 2-3 include that consist of that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain

46. Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids
Section 2-3
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,

47. WATER CHEMISTRY
2-2

48. 2–2 Properties of Water A. The Water Molecule
Section Outline
Section 2-2
2–2 Properties of Water
A. The Water Molecule
1. Polarity
2. Hydrogen Bonds
B. Solutions and Suspensions
1. Solutions
2. Suspensions
C.Acids, Bases, and pH
1. The pH Scale
2. Acids
3. Bases
4. Buffers

49. Hydrogen bonds Caused by partial positive and negative charges
Water is best example
ﮦ -
ﮦ +

50. Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Section 2-2
Cl-
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Water
Water

51. Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Section 2-2
Cl-
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Water
Water

52. Solutions
Ions break away from each other and form hydrogen bonds with water (because its polar)
Solute- the substance that is dissolved
Solvent- almost always water, substance in which the solute is dissolved
Ex. Koolaid
Solute- koolaid powder
Solvent- water

53. Suspension
Materials do not dissolve when placed in water, instead the water molecules keep them floating
Blood- cells are floating in water solution

54. H2O sometimes breaks down into H+ and OH-

55. pH Scale indicates the concentrion of H+ ions in water
Section 2-2
Oven cleaner
Acids have higher concentration of H+, bases have higher concentration of OH-
The higher the pH, the more BASIC the solution. The lower the pH, the more ACIDIC the solution.
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Acid rain
Increasingly Acidic
Tomato
juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid

57. Buffers
Weak acids and bases that reacts with other acids and bases to change the pH.
In the body, buffers help maintain homeostasis
Ex. Blood needs to stay within 6.5 to Stomach needs to stay around 3. Peptobismo (buffer) raises stomach acid if your stomach is too acidic.

58. Interest Grabber continued
1. What are the reactants when wood burns?
Reactants are oxygen and cellulose.
2. What are the products when wood burns?
Products are carbon dioxide and water
3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns?
Light and heat are given off. Some students may also mention sound (the crackling of a fire).
4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy?
To start a fire, you must light it with a match and kindling. You are giving the wood some energy in the form of heat.
5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire?
Once the fire gets going, it gives off enough heat to start more of the wood burning.
Section 2-4

59. 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Section Outline
Section 2-4
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
A. Chemical Reactions
B. Energy in Reactions
1. Energy Changes
2. Activation Energy
C. Enzymes
D. Enzyme Action
1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

60. Effect of Enzymes Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy
Section 2-4
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
Activation energy
without enzyme
Reactants
Activation
energy
with enzyme
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Products

61. Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Activation
energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products

62. Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Activation
energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products

63. Enzyme/Substrate Complex

64. CATALASE AND H2O2