1. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

2. Carbon Compounds All life organisms are made up of Carbon
Organic Molecules
Organisms consist mostly of which atoms?
Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen

3. Chemistry of Carbon Carbon has how many bonds?
How many valence electrons does carbon have?
Carbon can bond to max. 4 other molecules
Carbon can form a single, double, or triple bond

4. Other important carbon based groups:
Hydroxyl Group: OH
Carboxyl Group:
COOH
Amino Group:
NH2 or NH3
Phosphate Group:
PO3 or PO4

5. Important construction terms
Monomer : a molecule that is building block for something larger
Dimer : two monomer stuck together
Polymer : more than two monomers stuck together
Dehydration Synthesis : Pulling water out of two molecules so as to bind them together
Hydrolysis : Adding water to a molecule to break it apart
Amylase does this in our mouth

6. Carbohydrates Contain – Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Example: Glucose (C6H12O6)
The monomers that make them up are called monosaccharides

7. What are Carbs used for?
Uses – Energy, Structure, Signals

8. Starch VS. Cellulose
We can break down starches, but our body cannot break down cellulose.

12. Lipids Lipids contain All lipids are insoluble in water
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
EX – Fats, Phospholipids, waxes, sterols “Steroids”
All lipids are insoluble in water
Ex. Oil

13. Lipids
They are used in living things for energy storage, structural molecules, and signaling molecules
Basic Structures
Tail and Head

14. Triglycerides

15. Saturated vs. Unsaturated

16. Phospholipids
Found in the cell membrane

17. Cell Membrane

19. Nucleic Acids
All instructions for cellular activity are in the Nucleic Acids
Two kinds of Nucleic Acids
DNA
Holding genetic information
Where is it found?
In nucleus on chromosomes
RNA
Holding info for building proteins
Where are they found?
Everywhere in a cell

20. What makes them up? Complex monomers – Nucleotides
Bonds between them are called phosphodiester bond
Formed by a phosphate

21. Proteins Proteins are made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Nitrogen
Ex. – Eggs, seeds, hair, and meat
Basic Monomers – Amino Acids (aa)
These are used by living organisms for:
Enzymes, structures, transport, and signaling

22. Amino Acids (aa) Each aa is going to contain four distinct groups
Carboxyl Group – COOH
Amino Group – NH3
R Group (20 different R groups)
A Hydrogen atom – H
If there are twenty different R groups how many different aa are there?
20!!!!

23. Protein Structure
Through a series of dehydration reactions, aa are joined into a chain to form a protein.
A special bond is formed
Peptide Bond
Polypeptide – polymer of aa

25. Protein Structure When you have two aa together Three or more aa
Dipeptide
Three or more aa
Polypeptide

26. 3D structure of proteins
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4

28. Proteins
DENATURATION
Is the breaking down of molecules

29. Enzymes A chemical that speeds up a reaction is called a
Catalyst
Proteins that do this process are called
Enzymes
Ex. – Sucrase, Amylase, Lactase