1. Chapter 9: Architectural Pattern of an Animal Metazoans

2. 32 Phyla of multicellular animals
Survivors of 100 phyla from the Cambrian explosion 600 million years ago.

3. Heterotrophy
Cannot make own food
Filter feed in ocean or find food

4. Mobility Muscle cells Swim, crawl, walk, run and fly
Some sessile(do not move)
                                     

5. Multicellularity
Daphnia to large whale
More than one cell

6. Organization and Complexity
Metazoa or multicellular animals evolved greater complexity by combining cell into larger units
Cell – tissue – organs – organ systems
Parenchyma – main functional cells
Stroma – supportive tissues

7. Segmentation Also called metamerism Common feature of animals
Serial repetition of similar body segments along the longitudinal axis of body (parts repeat)
Each segment is called a metamere or somite.

8. Allows for more mobility and complexity of structure and function
Examples include annelids, chordates and arthropods ( Worms, vertebrates and insects)

9. Diploidy Adults have 2 copies of each chromosome
One from mother and one from father

10. Sexual reproduction Gametes from 2 separate parents
Can also see asexual reproduction in the animal kingdom – budding – all genetic information comes from on parent

11. No cell wall - mobility
Eukaryotic – nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

12. Blastula Formation Zygote forms blastula Hollow ball of cells
Develop into 3 distinct layers
Ectoderm/endoderm/mesoderm
These layers give rise to all other tissues/organs

13. Zygote - Gastrula Found in all animals but sponges
One cell – 8 cells – blastula – layers
Process is called cleavage
Takes 3 hours to reach blastula
Second process the blastula begins to collapse inward while cells move to position - gastrulation

14. Cell begin to vary in size and form the 3 primary tissues
Now at embryo stage
Evidence of common ancestor

15. Blastopore Opening to the gut where the inward bending begins
First opening that forms in the gastrula

16. During embryonic development germ layers become differentiated into four tissues.
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

17. The development of an animal embryo follows one of two different patterns
Protostome – The blastopore develops into mouth-most invertebrates
Deuterostome-The blastopore develops into the anus – Echinoderms and Chordates

18. Animal Body Plans Limited by ancestral history.
Shaped by habitat and way of life.

19. Animal Symmetry
Arrangement of body parts with reference to same axis of body.
Most animals have symmetry.
Sponges do not.
Asymmetrical

21. Asymmetry
Without symmetry

22. Spherical Symmetry
Any plane passing through the center divides the body into mirrored halves.
Protozoa

23. Radial Symmetry
Divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through one main axis.
Tubular, vase or bowl shape.
Some sponges, Hydras, Jellyfish

25. Biradial Symmetry
Some parts are paired rather than radial.

26. Echinoderms
Larvae are Bilateral
Become secondarily radial as adults.

27. Bilateral Symmetry
Divided along a sagital plane into two mirrored portions-right and left halves
Better fitted for directional movement-forward
Associated with cephalization

30. Sagittal
Transverse
Frontal
Draw your own squirrel and label now

31. Animal Body Regions Anterior – head end Posterior – tail end
Dorsal – back side
Ventral – front or belly side
Medial – midline of the body
Lateral – the side of body

32. Distal – farther from the middle of the body
Proximal – parts near a reference point
Pectoral – chest region
Pelvic – hip region or area supported by hind legs

34. Body Cavities
Bilateral animals can be grouped according to their body cavity type or lack of body cavity.
Coelom – in more complex animals the main body cavity.
A fluid filled space that surrounds the gut.

35. Provides a “tube within a tube” arrangement.
Allows body flexibility.
Provides a space for visceral organs or internal organs.

36. Greater size and complexity – more cells exposed to surface exchange.
Hydrostatic skeleton in many animals.
Worms

37. Coelom forms differently in protostomes and deuterostomes
Some inverts or protostomes lack a coelom

38. Cephalization Differentiation of a head or head region.
Bilaterally symmetrical animals.
Most efficient position for sensing the environmental and responding to it.

39. Time to write your summary!!
THE END
Time to write your summary!!