1. AIM: FRQs, Agriculture and Politics

2. Upward Transition vs. Downward Transition in Core-Periphery Model
Downward Transition – companies are leaving an area and unemployment is high Upward Transition – An area is gaining jobs and wealth

4. Hoyt Model

5. Zone x v. Zone y

6. Zone y

7. Part 3

9. Poultry

10. Rubric –Poultry Part A

11. Rubric – Poultry Part B

12. Rubric-Poultry Part C

19. The modern state system is engaged in a struggle between the forces of supranationalism and devolution.

23. Definitions
State-n- An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and external affairs. (A political entity) Nation-n-an aggregation of persons of the same ethnic family, often speaking the same language or cognate languages. ( A grouping of people with a common identity) Nation-state -n- A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. ( A people occupying their own political entity)

24. More Political Review
Stateless Nation – a nation without it’s own country. (Kurds, Palestinians)
Multi-state Nation – a nation spread amongst multiple states (Koreans)
Multi-nation State – a diverse state with many nations. Most federal governments exist because they are multi-nation states.

25. Forces Centripetal Forces – forces that bring a country together.
Centrifugal Forces – forces that tear a country apart.
Devolution – Breakdown of central state power due to Centrifugal forces  Can lead to new states/governments, more regional power (Scottish Vote for Independence), local ethno-nationalism, regional separatism, economic instability, mass migration (refugees or emigrants)
Balkanization – A state actually breaks down into multiple countries.

26. Two more vocabulary words
Enclave – n – territory completely surrounded by another state, but not controlled by it.
Exclave – n – territory separated from the state to which it belongs by the intervening territory of another state.

27. 5 major types of boundaries
Physiographic boundary – a natural feature like a river, ocean, sea, desert, or mountain.
Geometric boundary - drawn as straight lines and sometimes follow lines of latitude or longitude.
Ethnographic boundary - might be based on one or more cultural traits such as religion, language or ethnicity.
Relict boundary – a boundary that used to exist, but no longer counts as a formal boundary.
Antecedent boundary – a boundary that no longer exists but still has psychological power. (Berlin Wall, Mason-Dixon Line)

28. FARMING!!!! YAY!!!!

29. Agriculture & Rural Land Use – Key Topics Commercial Agriculture
Subsistence
Agriculture
Primarily for purpose of selling products for money, often monocultures for economies of scale
Primarily for direct consumption by a local population, usually small scale and low tech
DISCUSSION:
* How does commercial agriculture differ from subsistence production?
* Is commercial agriculture equivalent to agribusiness?

30. Intensive Land Use Extensive Land Use
Small-area farms or ranches
High inputs of labor & high output per acre
Rice paddies, southeast China
Cattle ranch, northeast Colorado
Extensive Land Use
DISCUSSION:
* How does "intensive" agriculture differ from "labor-intensive" and "capital-intensive" agriculture?
Large-area farms or ranches
Low inputs of labor & low output per acre

31. Large amount of human work is applied per unit of output
Labor-Intensive
Agriculture
Large amount of human work is applied per unit of output
Top picture – Labor-intensive corn raising in central Mexico.
Bottom picture – Corn exported from capital-intensive U.S. farms to the Mexican market
Capital-Intensive
Agriculture
DISCUSSION:
* In what other areas of the developed world is productivity increased by utilizing capital vs. labor intensive practices?
Large amount of capital (equipment and buildings used to produce other goods) is applied per unit of output

32. Subsistence – predominantly low-income regions
Intensive subsistence – subtropical monsoon areas
Shifting cultivation – tropical forests & savannas
Nomadic herding – semiarid and arid lands
Commercial – predominantly high-income regions
Crop farming – more humid climates
Livestock ranching - drylands

33. Slash and Burn/Shifting Cultivation is a form of extensive agriculture that is prominent in humid and low latitude climate zones

34. Pastoral Nomadism What is it? Where is it found?
is a form of agriculture where livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze following an irregular pattern of movement. Practice transhumance (seasonal migration)
Where is it found?
It is found in areas of low rainfall such as the Arabian Peninsula inhabited by Bedouins and Northeast Africa inhabited by Somalis.
-Mongolia
-Nordic Sami people
-Nepalese
-Parts of Northern Africa

35. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Unlike Pastoral Nomadism and Shifting Agriculture, Intensive Subsistence Agriculture is common in areas with a high population density.
Practiced in East, South and Southeast Asia
Most work by hand or with animals rather than machines.
Farmers must pull as much from the land as possible
India/China

37. Plantations Large farms that specialize in one or two crops.
While mostly located in LDCs, mostly owned or operated by Europeans and North Americans
Usually import workers

38. COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

39. How does mixed-crop agriculture allow farmers to more evenly distribute their workload?
Farmers grow multiple crops and can constantly work.
Plant Winter Wheat in the fall (harvest in the early summer)
Plant Spring Wheat in the spring (harvest in the autumn)
-Raise livestock (all year)

40. Mixed Crop Livestock Farming - Nearly all the land is devoted to growing crops, but 75% of the income comes from sale of animal products.
Farmers can continue to produce crops all year round when they engage in crop rotation. Livestock farming is a year long venture too.

41. United States Corn-belt

42. United States Corn-belt

43. Dairy Farming
Extremely labor intensive. Farms that are close to markets produce milk.
Farms that are far from markets (New Zealand/Wisconsin) produce milk for processed products (cheese, cream, yogurt)

44. Milk Production in the USA

45. Grains grown on commercial grain farms are grown for human consumption
Grains grown on commercial grain farms are grown for human consumption. Grains from mixed farms are for animal consumption.
Winter-Wheat Belt – Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma
Spring-Wheat Belt – Dakotas, Montana, and southern Saskatchewan
Palouse region in Washington State

46. Wheat Belt in USA