1. Gases: Dimensionless particles in constant straight line motion colliding with their container walls 100 % elastically to create pressure

2. Liquids: Condensed state in which the particles are clustered ( particles). Order is found within the clusters but not from cluster to cluster. Attractive forces significant to make clusters but not significant enough to keep clusters from moving past each other.

3. Solids:
with attractive forces between the particles
Structural units
strong enough to make a rigid structure.
(i.e. particles held in fixed positions by chemical bonds)

4. Solids: Structural units with attractive forces between the particles strong enough to make a rigid structure.
With An Order
Without An Order
(crystalline)
(amorphous)

5. Scanning Tunneling Micrograph of the surface of Platinum

6. Solids: Structural units with attractive forces between the particles strong enough to make a rigid structure.
With An Order
Without An Order
(crystalline)
(amorphous)
Simplest Repeating Pattern in 3-D
Unit Cell…
Eight points of a crystal lattice.
(many types)
A parallelopiped…
A box
A polyhedron with six faces, all of which are parallelograms

7. Octahedral Coordination
1 Particle per Unit Cell
Simple Cubic
Polonium

8. Coordination # = 8
2 Particles per Unit Cell
Body-Centered Cubic
Sodium

9. Coordination # = 12
4 Particles per Unit Cell
Face-Centered Cubic
Copper

10. 4 ions of each type per unit cell
NaCl
(halite)
Coordination # of 6 for each ion

11. 4 ions of each type per unit cell
ZnS
(zincblende)
Coordination # of 4 for each ion

12. Coordination # of 4 for each ion
…different crystalline arrangements for the same chemical formula… ALLOTROPES
ZnS
(wurtzite)
Coordination # of 4 for each ion

13. 8 atoms per unit cell
Diamond
Coordination # of 4 for each atom

14. Scanning Tunneling Micrograph of the surface of graphite.

16. unhybridized p orbitals (on each carbon atom)
p molecular orbitals (a network of them)