1. The Role of Socialization
Socialization: lifelong process in which people learn appropriate attitudes, values, and behaviors
Personality: person’s typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior

2. Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation
Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development
Extreme Isolation: Genie

3. Studies by Harry Harlow (1971)
What happened to monkeys raised away from their mothers?
Fearful and easily agitated
Did not mate
When artificially inseminated, they turned out to be aggressive mothers.

4. Artificial mothers - need for warmth, comfort, intimacy led to greater social attachment among the infants

5. Extreme Neglect: Romanian Orphans
Primate Studies
Social attachments develop from need for warmth, comfort, intimacy

6. The Influence of Heredity – if twins were raised in totally different social environments, will they have the same IQ?

7. Minnesota twin family study (137 sets of identical twins)
Twins have similar intelligence test scores when reared apart in roughly similar social settings
Different scores when reared in different social settings

8. The Influence of Heredity – does it matter?
Genetics
Temperaments
Voice patterns
Socialization
Attitudes
Values

9. The Self and Socialization through the Life Course
View of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us
Self: distinct identity that sets us apart from others
Not a static phenomenon
Interest in how individual develops and modifies sense of self as a result of social interaction

10. Sociological Approaches to the Self
Mead: Theory of the Self
Self begins as privileged, central
position in a person’s world
As the person matures, the self changes
and begins to reflect greater concern about
reactions of others
Significant others: individuals most important in the development of the self

11. We develop and modify the sense of self as a result of social interaction.
This self concept continues to develop and change throughout our life course.

12. Sociological Approaches to the Self
Mead: Stages of the Self
Preparatory stage: children imitate people around them
As they grow older, become more adept at using symbols

13. Play stage: children develop skill in communicating through symbols, and role taking occurs

14. Sociological Approaches to the Self
Mead: Stages of the Self (continued)
Game stage: children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously

15. Generalized other: attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior

16. Table 14-1: Mead’s Stages of the Self16

17. Generalized other

18. How do we come to develop self-concept
We are not born with the self concept.

19. Sociological perspectives on self-development
Charles Cooley- Looking glass self
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept, created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902 (McIntyre 2006), stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.

20. Precious

21. Sociological Approaches to the Self
Cooley: Looking-Glass Self
View of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us
Looking-glass self: the self is product of social interactions with other people

22. Sociological Approaches to the Self
Goffman: Presentation of the Self
Impression management: individual learns to
slant presentation of self to create distinctive
appearances and satisfy particular audiences
(also known as dramaturgical approach)
Face-work: need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction

23. Psychological Approaches to the Self
Freud
Self is a social product
Natural impulsive instincts in constant conflict with societal constraints
Personality influenced by others (especially one’s parents)
Self has components that work in opposition to each other

24. Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
Deciding what is “good” or “bad”
Moral development prevents people from selfish urges - Learning what is good for the society
Preconventional (0-7): Avoid punishment, get rewarded
Conventional (0-13): Belong and be accepted., Obey rules and regulation
Postconventional (adult): Make and keep promises, live by moral imperatives

26. Giligan’s theory -

27. Table 14-2: Theoretical Approaches to Development of the Self27

28. Pretty little lady

29. Agents of Socialization
Continuing and lifelong socialization process involves many different social forces
Family
Gender roles: expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

30. Agents of Socialization
School
Teaches values and customs of larger society (Functionalism)
Can also reinforce divisive aspects of society (Conflict perspective)

31. Agents of Socialization
Peer Group
As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume role of Mead’s significant others
Gender differences are noteworthy among adolescents
What makes you popular?

32. Agents of Socialization
Mass Media and Technology
Media innovations are important agents of socialization
Role of technology
12-17 age group 95% use
Internet
Age of use is dropping
Concerns about teen use of Internet; however, use of technology not always negative
New communication technologies in developing countries

33. Agents of Socialization
Workplace
Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is a fundamental aspect of human socialization
US – highest number of teen age children working (developed countries)
Religion and State
Government and organized religion impact life course by reinstituting some rites of passage

34. Socialization throughout the Life Course
Rites of passage: means of dramatizing and validating changes in status
Life course approach: looking closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives
Terms youth-hood, emerging adulthood, and not quite adult coined to describe the prolonged ambiguous status that young people in their 20s experience

35. Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization
Development of self is lifelong process – 2 types of socialization occur at many points in life.
1.Anticipatory socialization: person “rehearses” future occupations and social relationships. Example – high school students start working part-time
2.Resocialization: discarding former behavior (unlearn) patterns and accepting new ones during transitions in one’s life. Examples – joining military, unemployment

36. Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization
Total institution: regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority
Degradation ceremony: ritual in which individual becomes secondary and rather invisible in overbearing social environment