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Early English Colonization: Southern Colonies

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Presentation on theme: "Early English Colonization: Southern Colonies"— Presentation transcript:

1 Early English Colonization: Southern Colonies

2 Roanoke Island (Off the coast of North Carolina)

3 Roanoke Island (Lost Colony)
Sir Walter Raleigh asked Queen Elizabeth of England if he could lead a group of people to begin a colony Queen Elizabeth gave Raleigh a charter (a document that allowed colonists to live on land owned by their country.)

4 Roanoke Island (1st Time)
In 1585, the first English people tried to begin a colony. This became the 1st English colony in the Americas. It failed due to hunger and bad relations with the Native Americans. All but 15 men went back to England on a ship.

5 Roanoke Island (2nd Time)
In 1587, Raleigh sent colonists a second time. The 15 men that had stayed behind the 1st time had been killed by then. John White was the colony’s governor. This time, the colonist brought their wives and children. John White’s granddaughter, Virginia Dare was born 1 month after they arrived in America on August 18 the first English baby born in the new world.

6 Spanish Armada In 1588, King Philip II of Spain decided to attack England. When war was declared, supplies out to the colony were disrupted, and it took years before supply ships could return to the colony. The English defeated the all powerful Spanish Armada because they had quicker ships and a violent storm helped destroy the Spanish ships.

7 The Lost Colony John White returned in August 1590 to find no colonists on Roanoke Island. On one of the trees was written CROATOAN. Croatoan was the name of an island nearby as well as the name of the Native Americans living in the area.

8 Theories About Roanoke Island
The settlers simply left for somewhere else Inhabitants were killed by disease Colony destroyed by a violent storm (such as a hurricane) People decided to leave the colony to live among the indigenous people Colonists were killed by Native Americans What do you think?!?

9 Ending the Good Relations with the Native Americans
Because 15 men had been killed by Native Americans, John White decided that he needed to take action against the native people. He ordered his men to attack the Powhatans since supposedly, they were the ones who had killed the 15 men. However, they instead attacked the Croatoans Native Americans who had previously been their allies and helped them. After the battle, the Croatoans were enemies. This forced John White to have to go back to England for more food and supplies.

10 Jamestown Colony In 1606, King James I gave permission to the Virginia Company of London to try a colony. Christopher Newport led the three ships, Susan Constant, Godspeed and Discovery to Jamestown. Sailed to the Chesapeake Bay Susan Constant Discovery Godspeed

11 Chesapeake Bay

12 Jamestown On May 14, 1607, the settlers began building the first English permanent settlement on the James River in Virginia. Jamestown was named after the King James I and Virginia was named after the Virgin Queen of England.

13 Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

14 Jamestown Colonization Pattern: 1620-1660

15 River Settlement Pattern
Large plantations [>100 acres]. Widely spread apart [>5 miles]. Social/Economic PROBLEMS???

16 John Smith John Smith acted as the leader of the colony.
Considered to be a very stern leader of the colony but worked to keep the colony alive The colony began to suffer after his departure.

17 “The Starving Time” A harsh winter in which only 60 of the original 214 colonists survived

18 Reasons for Jamestown Difficulties
Not educated in how to plant food in Virginia. Little knowledge of Virginia landscape. Not enough people in the Jamestown settlement, especially hard working people. Military skirmishes with the Natives

19 Powhatan Native Americans
The Powhatan Native Americans were in control of almost all of Virginia (Eastern Woodland Area) Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes in the James River area when the English arrived. Most of the Powhatan farmed, hunted and fished. Huge impact on colonists in learning land & farm techniques

20 Powhatan Confederacy

21 John Rolfe John Rolfe in 1614 found a way to harvest tobacco.
This quickly became the cash crop of Virginia. He also married Pocahontas in 1614 which helped create peace with the Powhatan Native Americans for 8 years.

22 Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612
Tobacco Plant Virginia’s gold and silver John Rolfe, 1612

23 Indentured Servitude Headright System: Indenture Contract:
Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. Indenture Contract: 5-7 years. Promised “freedom dues” [land, £] Forbidden to marry. : only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

24 Virginia House of Burgesses

25 Growing Political Power
The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England Control over finances, militia, etc. By the end of the 17c, H of B was able to initiate legislation. A Council appointed by royal governor Mainly leading planters. High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.

26 Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony
James I grew hostile to Virginia He hated tobacco. He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a seminary of sedition. 1624  he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company. Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!

27 Colonial Slavery As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat. Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution. Early 1600s  differences between slave and servant were unclear. By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants.

28 Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676
Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians. Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area. Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements. Nathaniel Bacon Governor William Berkeley

29 Bacon’s Rebellion

30 Bacon’s Rebellion Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites. Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown. They burned the capital. Rebels went on a rampage of plundering. Bacon suddenly died of fever. Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

31 Results of Bacon’s Rebellion
Continued struggle to define the boundary between Indian and white lands in Virginia Showed unwillingness of English to abide by earlier agreements with the natives Showed unwillingness of natives to tolerate further English movement into their territory Revealed competitions between eastern and western land owners

32 Carolina Colony Founded in 1663 when King Charles II gave the land to 8 English noblemen (known as the Lord Proprietors) Major settlement first occurred near present day Edenton John Locke created a model for colony government based on a feudal system Chowan River (Edenton) Cape Fear River (Wilmington

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34 Carolina Colony Continued
Governor Berkeley appointed to oversee Edenton settlement Some years later, settlers from Barbados arrived on the Cape Fear River near Wilmington Settlement was included in Carolina 1670 Charles Town was established and grew quickly due to its natural harbor. Horrible leadership of governors as the years progressed, constant change over and turmoil Due to large distance between Edenton & Charles Town, terms “North Carolina” and “South Carolina” became common use 1729, the Lord Proprietors sold their interests in the Carolina colony back to the English Crown, and North and South Carolina became separate royal colonies

35 Georgia Colony 1732 James Oglethorpe was given a charter from King George II (Royal Colony) Colony to be named Georgia 1733 group of settlers joined Oglethorpe to found Savannah 2 main purposes: Intended to be a “buffer colony” between English settlement and Spanish Florida Place for debtors to start anew Colony began with no intention of slavery, later will become one of the biggest slave owning areas

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