1. TOPIK 3 TOPIC 3 Otak Brain EUW322- KEMAHIRAN BERFIKIR THINKING SKILL
Prof. Dr. Salleh Abd. Rashid
Prof. Dr. Rosnah Ismail
Prof Madya. Razli Ahmad
Dr. Hj. Huzili Bin Hussin
Dr. Noriah Mohamed
Pn. Junainor Hassan
Cik Nur Salimah Binti Alias
En. Ruhil Amal Razali
EUW322- KEMAHIRAN BERFIKIR
THINKING SKILL

2. What is Brain?
An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellect...

3. Brain Characteristics
3 = the weight of your brain in pounds
4 to 6 = the number of minutes your brain can survive without oxygen before it starts to die
8 to 10 = the number of seconds you have before losing consciousness due to blood loss
10 to 23 = the number of watts of power your brain generates when you’re awake (that’s enough to turn on a light bulb!)
20 = the percentages of oxygen and blood flow going to the brain
100,000 = the number of miles of blood vessels in your brain
1,000 to 10,000 = the number of synapses for each neuron in your brain
100 billion = the number of neurons in your brain

4. 1.3 to 1.5 kg Brain Size A human brain is around (2.9 to 3.3 lb)
Brain size tends
to vary according
to body size

5. The relationship is not proportional: the brain-to-body mass ratio varies Size doesn’t matter in the brain. There is no evidence that a larger brain is smarter than a smaller brain

7. Brain Structure

9. HOKA - HOKI
Roger Sperry (1965) succesfully divide the brain (Split-brain)
Devides into 2 regions of brain; Hemisfera Otak Kiri (HOKI) and Hemisfera Otak Kanan (HOKA).

10. Left / Right

12. Brain Waves

13. Beta 1) Beta (14-40Hz) – The Waking Consciousness And Reasoning Wave
Beta brain waves are associated with normal waking consciousness and a heightened state of alertness, logic and critical reasoning.
While Beta brain waves are important for effective functioning throughout the day, they also can translate into stress, anxiety and restlessness.

14. Alpha Alpha (7.5-14Hz) – The Deep Relaxation Wave
Alpha brain waves are present in deep relaxation and usually when the eyes are closed, when you’re slipping into a lovely daydream or during light meditation.
It is an optimal time to program the mind for success and it also heightens your imagination, visualization, memory, learning and concentration.

15. Theta Theta (4-7.5Hz) – The Light Meditation And Sleeping Wave
Theta brain waves are present during deep meditation and light sleep, including the all-important Rapid Eye Movement(REM) dream state.
It is the realm of your subconsciousness and only experienced momentarily as you drift off to sleep from Alpha and wake from deep sleep (from Delta).

16. Delta Delta (0.5-4Hz) – The Deep Sleep Wave
The Delta frequency is the slowest of the frequencies and is experienced in deep, dreamless sleep and in very deep, transcendental meditation where awareness is fully detached.

17. MEMORY
Psychologists consider memory to be the process by which we encode, store and retrieve information

18. Memory process

20. Sensory memory
Sensory memory, corresponding to each of the sensory systems, is the first place where information is saved.
Sensory memories are very brief, but they are precise, strongly a nearly exact replica of a stimulus.

21. Short term/working memory
Roughly seven chunks of information can be transferred and held in short-term memory.
Information in short-term memory is held from seconds and if not transferred to long-term memory, is lost.

23. Information processing model

24. Long term memory
Memories area transferred into long-term storage trough rehearsal. If memories are transferred into long-term memory, they become relatively permanent.

25. Long term memory

27. Forgetting Failure of encoding.
Decay – the loss of information in memory through its non-use
Interference – information in memory disrupts the recall of other information
Cue-dependent forgetting – insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory

28. The end.. Thank you..