1. 2.3: Macromolecules

2. Macromolecules large organic molecules called polymers
made up of smaller “building blocks” called monomers
the four to remember:
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins

3. Organic Compounds
compounds that contain CARBON are called organic other than water, most compounds in your body are organic

4. Carbon (C) carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell –needs 8
carbon can form covalent bonds (share electrons) with as many as 4 other atoms
usually bonds with:
carbon (C)
hydrogen (H)
oxygen (O)
nitrogen (N)

5. Carbohydrates

6. carbohydrate: carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio [ chemical formula: C6H12O6 ]
key source of energy
basic building block (monomer) is a “simple sugar” – monosaccharide - like glucose (also fructose & galactose)
-OSE ending means SUGAR

7. disaccharide: “double sugar” unit like sucrose, lactose, & maltose
glucose
polysaccharide: “many sugar” units like starch, glycogen, & cellulose
glucose
cellulose

8. Lipids

9. has no true monomer but are formed from combinations of glycerol and fatty acids
general term for compounds which are not soluble in water
examples:
fats
oils
waxes
steroid hormones
phospholipids

10. functions of lipids:
long term energy storage (fats, oils)
protection against heat loss, water loss, & physical shock (waxes)
chemical messengers (hormones)
major component of membranes (phospholipids)

11. Nucleic Acids

12. nucleic acid: long chains of smaller building blocks (monomers) called nucleotides
two types of nucleic acids:
DNA & RNA

13. Nucleotide O O=P-O N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Phosphate Nitrogen base Group5
Sugar

14. DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
stores heredity information (instructions!)
RNA: ribonucleic acid
helps in making of proteins & can act as an enzyme

15. Proteins

16. are 20 amino acids in nature
protein: large molecule formed by linking smaller building blocks (monomers) called amino acids
are 20 amino acids in nature
amino acids are different based on their “R” group

17. functions of proteins: transport: carry oxygen from lungs to other parts of body (hemoglobin) regulatory: hormones, antibodies movement: muscles structural: skin, hair & nails (collagen), fibers in blood clots enzymes: promote cellular reactions