1. Chapter 11, Section 5 Part 1 Decisive Battles p. 407-411
The Union gained an upper hand with victories at Gettysburg & Vicksburg in 1863 and finally forced the South’s surrender in April 1865.

2. The Build-up to Gettysburg: Confederate Domination
1862 – Confederate victories on Peninsula and at Second Bull Run make the South appear invincible.
Worst yet to come for Union
Lee & “Stonewall” Jackson defeat Union Army under Burnside at Fredericksburg
And again at Chancellorsville
This time under “Fighting Joe” Hooker
Confederate “Dream Team”
Robert E. Lee
“The Grey Fox”
Thomas J. Jackson
“Stonewall”

3. Battle of Fredericksburg Dec. 11-15, 1862
Confederate Generals:
Robert E. Lee
“Stonewall” Jackson
James Longstreet
J.E.B. Stuart
Union Generals:
Ambrose Burnside
Joseph Hooker
Edwin Sumner
William Franklin
Burnside marches 120,000 Union troops toward Richmond
Lee waits with 75,000 Confederate troops
Burnside stops to wait for pontoons
He will not make same mistakes as McClellan…

4. Battle of Fredericksburg
Lee digs in on Marye’s Heights
Dec. 11: Pontoon bridges constructed under heavy Confederate fire
Dec. 12: Union crosses Rappahannock
Dec. 13: Burnside orders series of disastrous frontal assaults
Casualties: Union -13, CSA -4,576
Dec. 15: Union retreat
Jan. 1863: Burnside replaced by Hooker
Dec. 13 Battle Map

5. Fredericksburg to Chancellorsville: Epic Union Disasters
“It is well that war is so horrible, else we should grow too fond of it.” Robert E. Lee at Fredericksburg
1862 ends with Union embarrassment
Lincoln replaces Burnside with “Fighting Joe” Hooker
“May God have mercy on General Lee, for I will have none.” - Hooker
1863 will begin with another epic Union fail…

6. Union army of 97,000 led by Hooker (plans to flank Lee’s army of 73,000)
May 1: Lee moves 50,000 troops west from Fredericksburg to meet Hooker, day’s fighting not decisive, Hooker withdraws to Chancellorsville for the night
May 2: Lee gambles, divides army, Jackson takes 26,000 on 14 mile march west to Federal flank, surprise attack – Union retreats
Darkness stops Confederate pursuit, Jackson shot by men from North Carolina
Estimated Casualties: 24,000 total (US 14,000; CSA 10,000) Rebel Victory.

7. The Death of “Stonewall”
Shot by friendly fire (not Stonewall Brigade) after victory at Chancellorsville
Mistaken for Union soldier
3 hits, botched evacuation
Left arm amputated
“You are better off than I am, for while you have lost your left, I have lost my right arm.” - General Lee, May 4, 1863
Died 8 days later from pneumonia
22 days before Gettysburg...
Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson
Jan. 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863

8. Meade was given command 3 days before the battle
The Tide Turns
Main Idea: After suffering defeats, Union forces gained the upper hand by winning major battles at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.
GETTYSBURG: July 1-3, 1863
Lee takes 75,000 troops north
Wants to make Union quit
Looking for shoes
Has lost his “Right Arm”
North has 90,000 troops, now lead by George G. Meade
Meade was given command 3 days before the battle

9. Gettysburg – Day 1: July
Confederate forces under-estimated Union numbers
Union General Reynolds lost
Replaced by Abner Doubleday
Rebels unable to take the “High Ground” south of town
Day 1 is prelude to 2nd and 3rd bloody days
Union General
John Buford-
Selected battlefield, held High Ground for Reynolds

10. Gettysburg – Day 2: July 2, 1863
Lee’s plan of attack fails as Rebel forces are repelled at
Culp’s Hill
Peach Orchard
Wheatfield
Little Round Top
Fighting lasts from morning until night
“[Combat] makes bad men worse and good men better.” J. Chamberlain
Col. Joshua Chamberlain
of the 20th Maine
- Bayonet charge at Little Round Top
Won Medal of Honor
Promoted to General (Appomattox)
Became Governor of Maine

11. Gettysburg – Day 3: July 3, 1863 Union Victory! (Lost 23,000)
Rebels defeated (Lost 28,000)
Confederate General George Picket lost over 50% of his men during “Picket’s Charge”
“I have no division sir.” - Pickett to Lee
Armistead’s “High Water Mark”
Union Victory! (Lost 23,000)
Considered the beginning of the end for the Confederacy.
“It’s all my fault.”
- Lee
Custer’s cavalry beats Stuart.