1. Lean Thinking in Emergency Departments: A Critical Review
Richard J. Holden, PhD 
Annals of Emergency Medicine 
Volume 57, Issue 3, Pages (March 2011)
DOI: /j.annemergmed
Copyright © 2010 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1 Description of Lean.
Annals of Emergency Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.annemergmed )
Copyright © 2010 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
A model of Lean in health care, proposing that (a) Lean affects patient care and employees indirectly by changing work structure and process, (b) Lean affects employees directly, (c) employee and patient care changes can affect one another, and (d) Lean is implemented in a particular context and that the success of Lean is contingent on how a particular Lean implementation fits into the local context.
Annals of Emergency Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.annemergmed )
Copyright © 2010 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3 Effects of Lean on patient care.
Annals of Emergency Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.annemergmed )
Copyright © 2010 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Contingency factors affecting success of Lean thinking efforts.*
Annals of Emergency Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.annemergmed )
Copyright © 2010 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5 Practical suggestions for successful Lean implementation.
Annals of Emergency Medicine  , DOI: ( /j.annemergmed )
Copyright © 2010 American College of Emergency Physicians Terms and Conditions