1. Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

2. Physical Properties and Physical Changes
Physical properties describe matter’s ability to change its physical form without altering its chemical structure
Examples: state of matter, density (mass per volume), electrical conductivity, color, hardness, shape, magnetic properties, solubility
Physical changes don’t produce any different arrangements of atoms before and after the change

3. State of Matter and Density
Change in state of matter does not produce any different types of matter, it merely changes the energy level of the matter.
Change in density also involves a change in energy level but no change in the type of matter.
Example: water freezing to ice- it’s still H2O but the density and state of matter have changed.

4. Change of State Terms Melting: Solid to Liquid
Sublimation: Solid directly to Gas
Freezing: Liquid to Solid
Evaporation: Liquid to Gas
Condensation: Gas to Liquid
Deposition: Gas directly to Solid
Ionization: Gas to Plasma
Recombination: Plasma to Gas

5. Electrical Conductivity
The ability of matter to conduct an electrical current
Electricity flowing through matter does not change the type of matter

6. Magnetic Properties
Most magnetic matter can be magnetized and demagnetized. Changes in magnetism do not change the type of matter.

7. Solubility
Solubility describes the ability of a solvent to dissolve a solute
Matter dissolving into other matter does not change the chemical structure of either the solvent or solute

8. Solubility
Solvent: the substance in largest quantity in the mixture; dissolves other substances
Solute: a substance which dissolves into a solvent
Concentration= mass of solute/volume of solvent

9. Water: The Universal Solvent!
Water is known as the universal solvent because it dissolves a wide variety of solutes
Water owes this great solubility to the fact that water molecules are polar meaning the have a positive end and a negative end due to electrical charge

10. Chemical Properties
Chemical Properties describe the ability of substances to change into other substances
Examples: combustibility (the ability to catch fire), rusting, chemical reactions, nuclear fusion and fission, biological reactions, change in pH

11. Chemical Changes
Chemical Changes (a.k.a. chemical reactions) are changes in matter which produce one or more new molecules which were not present before the change. All chemical changes are chemical reactions
- gas bubbles forming, change of state, change in temperature can all indicate a chemical change has occurred, but the only absolute proof a chemical change has occurred is the formation of a different substance!

12. Combustibility
Combustibility is the ability of matter to ignite (catch on fire)
Burning is always a chemical change!

13. Rusting
Very common chemical reaction (always a chemical change)

14. Chemical Reactions
All chemical reactions are chemical changes (the opposite is also true- all chemical changes are chemical reactions)
Chemical Reactions are represented by chemical equations- just like a math equation!

15. Nuclear Fission: heavy elements breakdown into lighter elements
Nuclear Fusion: light elements combine into heavier elements

16. Biological Reactions
All biological organisms are basically one big chemical reaction happening from birth to death.
Chemical Change examples: All metabolism (building and breaking down of materials in the body), photosynthesis and cell respiration, digestion, cell growth

17. The pH Scale: measures how acidic or basic a solution is

18. Acids Acids are between 0 and 7 on the pH scale
Acids produce the ion hydronium - H3O+ when dissolved in water
Examples: citric acid (found in lemon juice), acetic acid (vinegar), sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid

19. Bases Bases are between 7 and 14 on the pH scale
Bases produce the ion hydroxide - OH- when dissolved in water
Examples: sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), sodium or potassium hydroxide (lye), ammonia

20. Acids and Bases
Acids and bases neutralize each other meaning they cancel each other out and make the solution more neutral
Change in pH are chemical changes because forming hydronium makes a chemical bond and forming hydroxide breaks a chemical bond