1. Paradoxes of Global Acceleration
Big Era Nine
Paradoxes of Global Acceleration

2. Much of the world looked pretty bleak.
The World in 1945:
50 million people killed during WW II
Parts of Europe, Asia, and North Africa in ruins
World trade severely damaged
Much of the world looked pretty bleak.

3. The world entered a new era.
Many European economies in shambles
European Colonial empires crumbling
Growing nationalist movements in Africa and Asia
U.S. the major industrial and atomic power
The world entered a new era.

4. Cold War policies developed:
The Soviet Union occupied Eastern Europe and part of Germany.
The U.S. moves to encircle the Soviet Union with a system of alliances and military aid.
U.S. offers Marshal plan to rebuild Europe and gives $13 billion in aid.
The U.S. adopted a policy of “Containment” of the Soviet Union with military bases around the world.
An “Iron Curtain” of tense relations separated the Western allies from the U.S.S.R. and its allies.
1945: The Soviet Union and the U.S. each have 12 million troops. Soviets maintain army.
Get date of Marshal.

5. The World became divided into two hostile camps: The U. S. S. R
The World became divided into two hostile camps: The U.S.S.R. and the U.S.
Joseph Stalin
Pres. Harry
Truman

6. I guess it made sense at the time.
During the Cold War, the U.S.S.R and the U.S. followed a policy of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD).
I guess it made sense at the time.
Mutual Assured Destruction is a military deterrence strategy in which a full scale use of nuclear weapons by one of the opposing powers would result in the destruction of both.
Nuclear Bomb: Library of Congress Reproduction Number: LC-USZC2-727 (color film copy transparency) Call Number: Unprocessed [item] [P&P]
Attack drill:
The U.S. and U.S.S.R had enough nuclear bombs to destroy the world about 400 times.

7. The Cold War was very costly in lives.
A divided Korea led to war, separated family members, and cost a million lives, including 48,000 Americans.
Three million people died in the Vietnam War, including 58,000 Americans.

8. The forty years of the Cold War were costly in resources.
We spent 3.5 trillion, and for what?
We spent 5.5 trillion dollars on nuclear arms, and we won!
How much is a trillion dollars?
Michail Gorbachev
George H.W. Bush
A trillion dollars is enough to give each family in the U.S. $100,000.

9. During the cold war many former colonized peoples created new nations.
India gained independence from Britain in 1947.
Indonesia gained independence from the Dutch in 1949.
Ghana gained independence from Great Britain in 1957.
By 1965 most former European colonies had become newly created independent nation-states. .
Sukarno:
Nehru:
The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. competed for the loyalties of these new nations.

10. Several of the new nations pursued a non-aligned policy.
In 1955 India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia sponsored the Bandung Conference of Non-Aligned nations. It aimed to promote solidarity among newly independent states and to prevent the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. from meddling in their domestic affairs.
Nehru and Sukarno led the meeting.
Sukarno of
Indonesia
Nehru of India

11. Colonialism left new nations “Underdeveloped
Colonialism left new nations “Underdeveloped.” This table shows how shares of world Gross Domestic Product changed between 1870 and 1998.
Date
India
China
Africa
Japan
Western Europe and U.S.
1870
12.2
17.2
3.6
2.3
42.5
1913
7.6
8.9
2.7
2.6
52.6
1950
4.2
4.5
3.0
53.6
1973
3.1
4.6
3.3
7.7
47.7
1998
5.0
11.5
Table data adapted from Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001), 263.
What might we learn from this table about patterns of economic development in the world?

12. In 1750, China and India provided 57% of world manufacturing.
In 1953, they manufactured only 4% of the world’s goods.
What caused such a dramatic change?

13. In the 1960s, as the colonized people gained independence, the world-wide split between the North –rich industrial nations—and the South – poor “third world” nations—grew wider.
Poverty: International Gaming Industry. Poverty Relief Project.

14. How did Western leaders try to restore world trade after World War II?
In 1944, at the Bretton Woods Monetary Conference in New Hampshire, Western
leaders:
Created the World Bank.
Established the International
Monetary Fund.
Established stable currency exchange rates.
Ushered in a new Global Age of economic cooperation.
Bretton Woods: Photo by Don Johnson
However, these agreements did not include the Communist bloc nations

15. In 1971, however, the high cost of the Vietnam War prompted President Richard Nixon to abolish the fixed currency exchange rates that had been established at Bretton Woods.
Gold backing for currencies was eliminated.
World currencies “floated.”
Milton Friedman: www-news.uchicago.edu/.../ 02/milton-friedman.jpg
The Age of Free Market Capitalism began, but still excluded the Soviet bloc nations
“Underlying most arguments against the free market is a lack of belief in freedom itself.“ Economist Milton Friedman

16. In theory, free world trade encourages greater economic specialization, more productivity, and greater wealth.
And each country can concentrate on what it does best.
Efficient use of world resources is possible.
Tariffs are eliminated.
Businesses can move where
they make more profits.
More jobs are created.
People have more money
to spend.
Larger bullets smaller call out for Mundo

17. What is free market capitalism?
In the 1980s the U.S. moved to expand free market capitalism within the global system.
Little government interference in the market
Freedom of individual choice
Borderless market economy
Markets as masters over state policies
People should be free to pursue economic self-interest
Consuming goods a major value
What is free market capitalism?
However, most nations continued to pursue some forms of economic nationalism

18. In the 1980s China moved toward a free-market system and joined the global economy.
China’s Trade surplus balance with U.S. $666.2 billion in the 2004,
China now buys from 1-2 billion dollars of the U.S. debt each day.
China’s economy will probably equal that of US. In twenty-five years.

19. In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down and the Cold War ended
In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down and the Cold War ended. Eastern European countries broke away from Soviet control. The Soviet Union itself broke into more than a dozen new states.
The Berlin Wall was built in August 1961
The Wall was
destroyed
on November 9, 1989
Berlin Wall.
Fall of Berlin Wall.

20. In 1991, India abandoned it’s 44 year-old socialist oriented economy and embraced a the free market system and joined the global economy.
With a GDP of 800 billion dollars, India is now the fourth largest world economy after the U.S., China and Japan.
India’s growth rate has averaged about 5.8 per cent for the past fifteen years.
Major exports include
Clothing
Automobiles
Handicrafts

21. In the 1990s, with the integration of many of the states of the former Soviet Union and the entry of China and India, Globalization now embraced the majority of the world’s economies .
With the collapse
In the 1980s, the U.S., the major world power, became the chief advocate of free market capitalism for the global system.

22. What is Globalization?
Increasing global connectedness through rapid communication and transport.
Rapid intensification of worldwide social relations.
Swift and free flow of capital, people, and ideas across national borders.

23. World population has been
rapidly increasing.
Wow! More than 6
billion
people
now alive.
billions 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
yrs yrs yrs yrs – 13 yrs
The time it takes to add a billion people grows shorter.

24. Life expectancy is rising,
Country
Average Life Expectancy
Sweden
79.2
France 78
United States
71.1
Bangladesh
62.8
Botswana
40.1
Zimbabwe
39.2
Life expectancy is rising,
but it varies world wide.
Average life
expectancy
for the world
is 70 years.

25. Look at this antique computer. It doesn’t even have a hard drive!
Speed of travel has increased dramatically.
1957
1981
World wide communication is almost instantaneous
Look at this antique computer. It doesn’t even have a hard drive!
Space shuttle: Space%20Shuttle(72).jpg
Computer:
1962
1977
1982

26. The computer has been changing billions of lives.
IT Engineer seeks househusband..
Will you be my E-pal?
Pictures by Don Johnson
Computers: classroomtechnology/labs/
We’re catching up with the U.S. economy.
I raised my campaign funds via the internet.
Where are the books I ordered?
I’m applying to college.

27. But what does globalization have to do with me?
Cap from Bangladesh
Jeans from Malaysia
Shirt from Mexico
Video game from Japan
Backpack from China
Photo by Don Johnson
Sneakers from Indonesia
Soccer ball from Pakistan

28. New technologies allow humans to control nature like never before.
Expanding technology makes possible a cornucopia of new products for us
gcl.html

29. More goods are being produced, bought, and sold worldwide than ever before.
What shall I buy next?

30. Globalization also spreads ideas and values.
MacDonalds Moscow: Photo by R. Dunn
Coca Cola Arabic: Photo by R. Dunn
Bollywood:
Soccer: by Jacqueline Ramseyer
Mickey Mouse Club:
Yoga:
Tai chi:

31. Democratic ideas have spread to more countries than ever before.
India
Korea
Japan
Taiwan
Malaysia
Qatar
Mali
Brazil
South Africa
                       
Statue:
India Council of States:
Paz:

32. But globalization brings high human costs.
Although the world’s people are producing more than 47 trillion dollars in wealth, these riches are not distributed equally.

33. The growing gap between the rich and the poor continues to increase.
20% get most of the wealth.
The U.S. owns 11 trillion dollars of this wealth.
2 billion of the world’s people live on less than $2 a day.
Peasants are forced to leave the land as money and wage economies spread.
Workers without education and skills are often left behind.

34. Chart data adapted from David Held and Anthony McGrew, Globalization/Anti Globalization (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002).

35. Ranking
GDP/value added
$trillion 1
United States
9.9 2
Japan
4.7
$billion 40
Malaysia
89.7 41
Colombia
81.3 42
Philippines
74.7 43
Chile
70.5 44
Wal-Mart Stores
67.7 45
Pakistan
61.6 46
Peru
53.5 47
Algeria
53.3 48
Exxon
57.6 49
Czech Republic
50.8 50
New Zealand 51
Bangladesh
47.1 52
United Arab Emirates
46.5 53
General Motors
46.2 54
Hungary
45.6 55
Ford Motor
45.1 56
Mitsubishi
44.3 57
Mitsui
41.3 58
Nigeria
41.1 59
Citigroup
39.1 60
Itachu
38.4
Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)
of Selected
Countries and
Corporations
2002
Corporations in bold face
Some big multinational corporations have more wealth than many nations.
Adapted from Wolf, 2002: 7. Based on World Bank and Fortune magazine data.

36. In poor countries child labor is widespread
In poor countries child labor is widespread. Some 212 million children of ages 5-14 are working instead of going to school.
These young girls work 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, earning $2-3 per week.
Two girls: Photo by Don Johnson,
Child worker:
Most child labor involves high energy work.

37. Outsourcing is increasing.
In 2003, the U.S. lost 234,000 information technology jobs. An estimated 14 million more jobs may move overseas. But the U.S. loss is a gain for India, China, Ireland, Korea and other nations
                           
                           
                              
Three men: Photo by Ramesh Sharma
Infosys campus:
Narayana Murthy (right) and his Infosys Information Technology complex in Bangalore, India.

38. Manufacturing and capital flows to the areas of the world where they can make the most profits.
Strong labor unions
High wages
Environment protection laws and
Unstable governments
all tend to keep businesses and investment away.

39. producing more industrial and consumer waste.
The speed of globalization results in more pollution and global warming caused by
over-cutting forests.
burning fossil fuels.
producing more industrial and consumer waste.
classes.colgate.edu/.../ ecopain/copy/air.htm
home.howstuffworks.com/ irrigation6.htm

40. Growing threats to the environment affect all people
Global warming lead to major floods.

41. Lots of people question globalization.
Globalization is forcing my child to work. .
Free trade is destroying us farmers.
Hollywood is ruining
our
children.
Development is destroying our rain forest.
We have 50 million people living in poverty.
Industrial countries are leaving us out of Globalization.

42. Some people believe that globalization is “cultural imperialism”.
Can you interpret how this cartoon depicts the idea of “cultural imperialism?”
From Teaching About Globalization

43. You mean it’s not good for everyone?
Globalization involves paradoxes.
Profitable industry but widening gap between rich and poor?
Lots of cultural pluralism but people becoming “homogenized?”
Increasing interdependence but small communities banding more tightly together?
Huge wealth in industrialized nations but great poverty in other countries?
You mean it’s not good for everyone?
Put in debt chart here

44. People respond to globalization differently.
Some wholeheartedly embrace it.
Some seek to maintain their traditions in the face of perceived threats.
Some fight for more economic fairness.
Some turn to religion.
Some violently oppose it.
Some try to manage it for the greater human good.
Photo by R. Dunn.
A house in Figuig, an oasis
in Morocco on the edge of the
Sahara Desert. This family
reaches out to the world through
its satellite dish.

45. Terrorism has ushered in a new global threat.
Modern military strategies and weapons are often ineffective against suicide attacks.
Terrorists communicate and spread their ideologies using cell phones and the Internet.
Terrorist groups may have cells in many nations.
                                 

46. Are we entering a new era of international relations?
In 2002, the United States government adopted policies of massive military intervention as part of a war on terror.
2002 – U.S. forces invaded Afghanistan to topple the government of the Taliban, which was cooperating with international terrorists.
2003 – U.S. forces invaded Iraq to overthrow the government of Saddam Hussein. The U.S. accused him of supporting terrorism.
Are we entering a new era of
international relations?

47. Do these factors help us answer the question?
In this new era will the U.S. act as democratic leader, the supreme world power, as an empire?
Do these factors help us answer the question?
owns about one fourth of the world’s wealth.
working to create democratic institutions in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other countries.
has military force equal to the next 20 countries combined.
striving to be a model of democracy for the world.
maintains 725 military bases, valued at $118 billion, with 254,000 military personnel in 153 nations.

48. One person can make a difference.
Your decisions and actions will help shape the future.
Will we cooperate to fight terrorism and work to ensure that all people live in dignity? How these issues turn out is really up to us.
Tiananmen Square, Beijing: TiananmenSquare.htm
One person can make a difference.

49. Big Era Nine ends here, but it’s not over yet!