1. Immunopathology. Immunotherapy and immuno-prophylaxis.
Immune preparations: vaccines, sera, and immunoglobulins
Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University / Department of microbiology
Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University /
Department of microbiology

2. Immunopathology
Immunopathology deals with pathological states or human diseases that result from inadequate immune system reaction to antigens

3. Classification of the immunopathological states
Hypersensitivity (allergy)
Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity
Cell-mediated hypersensitivity
Autoimmune diseases
Immunodeficiency

4. Classification of hypersensitivity
Immediate (anaphylactic) hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Immune-complex hypersensitivity
Delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity

5. Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity

6. Type II: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity

7. Type III: Immune complex hypersensitivity

8. Type IV: Delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity

9. Mechanism of contact dermatitis development
Allergic skin test

10. Immune status assay WBC count: Titer of complement, phagocytosis data
Γ-globulin
Bactericidal activity of the skin
Specific tests

11. Secondary immunodeficiency
May be associated with:
Malnutrition and vitamin deficiency
Severe and long-lasting somatic illness
Malignancy
Therapy with immunosuppressive drugs
Hormonal disoders: diabetes mellitus, adrenal dysfunction, hypothyroidism
Pregnancy
Some virus infections (HIV, the flu, measles, herpetic infections such CMV and VEB, and others)

12. Artificial acquired immunity
Immune preparations (vaccines and sera) are used for immunization
It allows to create herd immunity. High level of the herd immunity (a large proportion of the immune individuals in the community) may prevent epidemic infections such as diphtheria, poliomyelitis, measles, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis and others

13. Vaccines are the preparations of living or killed microorganisms or their products used for active immunization

14. Classification of the vaccines
Classic vaccines:
Live vaccines
Killed vaccines
Subunit (chemical) vaccines
Toxoids
Modern vaccines:
Vector vaccines
Recombinant vaccines
Synthetic subunit vaccines
Ribosomal vaccines
Liposomal ones
DNA vaccines
Antiidiotypic vaccines

15. Classification of the vaccines
Monovalent vaccines
Polyvalent or associated vaccines

16. Preparations for passive immunization
Passive immunity can be used to prevent diseases when there is no time to acquire immune response through vaccination
Immediate protection can be provided by administration of the immune sera, specific immunoglobulin, antitoxin, or pooled gamma-globulin (“readymade” antibody)

17. Classification of the serum preparations
Due to their action:
Antibacterial (are used against plague, anthrax)
Antiviral (are used against influenza, encephalitis, yellow fever )
Antitoxins (antidiphtheric, antitetanic, antibotilinic, antigangrenous)
Immunotoxins
Antiallergic
Antitumoural (for experimental treatment of tumors)
Antilymphocytic (are used for inhibition immune response after transplantation)

18. Classification of the serum preparations
Due to their employment:
Therapeutic and prophylactic sera
Diagnostic sera
Modern immunoglobulin preparations: Bioglobulin, Gamma-venin, Veinoglobulin, Sandoglobulin, Intraglobulin

19. Hybridoma cells and monoclonal antibody

20. Immonotoxins

21. Immunosuppressive drugs
Cyclophosphamide
Corticosteroids
Cyclosporine
Selsept (mophetil mycophenalite)
Lephlunomide
Antimetabolites (antitumor cytostatics)
Selective immunosuppressive drugs

22. Immunostimulating drugs
Recombinant human cytokines
Non-specific human immunoglobulins
Natural stimulators obtained from animal thymus and embryo tissue
Recombinant interferon

23. Immunostimulating drugs
Bacterial immunomodulators
Plant immunomodulators
Synthetic polypeptides