1. Review
First we need to review the principles of government that came from the enlightenment…

2. Separation of Powers
Idea came from: French philosopher, Baron de Montesquieu presented in The Spirit of Laws
3 independent and equal branches of government with a system of checks and balances

3. Checks and Balances
System designed to prevent any one branch of government from dominating the others.

4. Liberty
A political philosophy proposing the idea that an individual has the right to act according to his or her own individual liberty

5. Equality
An idea that each individual is subject to the same laws, with no individual or group having special legal privileges

6. Democracy
A political form of government characterized by either direct rule by the people (direct democracy) or by elected representatives of the people (representative democracy).

7. Popular Sovereignty
The concept that political power rests with the people who create and can change and end government.
The voice of the people is heard through voting and free participation in government.

8. Human Rights
The inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, as well as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

9. Constitutionalism
An idea that the basic principles and laws of a government should be organized and administered through compliance with a written or unwritten constitution.

10. Nationalism
The belief that each nationality (ethnic group) is entitled to its own government and national homeland and is superior to others
Shown through a national culture with a common language, religion, and history
Shown through symbols of nations (flags & anthems)

11. How did the following ideas influence the political revolutions
of this era?