1. Chapter 6 Lecture Outline See PowerPoint Image Slides
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2. Energy and Organisms
Organisms are classified based on the kind of energy they use.
Autotrophs
Use the energy from sunlight to make organic molecules (sugar)
Use the energy in the organic molecules to make ATP
Heterotrophs
Obtain organic molecules by eating the autotrophs
Autotrophs use photosynthesis.
To use the energy from light to make organic molecules
All organisms use cellular respiration.
To harvest the energy from organic molecules and use it to make ATP
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3. Energy Transformation
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4. Aerobic Respiration: An Overview
A series of enzyme controlled reactions
Oxygen is used to oxidize glucose.
Glucose is oxidized to form carbon dioxide.
Oxygen is reduced to form water.
During the oxidation of glucose
The C-H and O-H bonds will be broken.
The electrons will be transferred to electron carriers, NAD, and FAD.
Glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle
The electrons will be passed through an electron transport chain.
The energy from the electrons will be used to pump protons.
The energy from the diffusion of protons will be used to make ATP.
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5. Aerobic Respiration and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
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6. Aerobic Cellular Respiration: Overview
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7. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm Anaerobic
The breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid
Two ATP molecules are used to energize glucose.
As glucose is metabolized, enough energy is released to
Make 4 ATP molecules
4 ATP made - 2 ATP used = net production of 2 ATP
Reduce 2 NAD+ to make 2 NADH
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Anaerobic
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8. The Details of Glycolysis
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9. Kreb’s Cycle
Also known as the citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
The breakdown of pyruvic acid
Released as carbon dioxide
Enough energy is released as one pyruvic acid molecule is metabolized to
Make 1 ATP
Reduce 4 NAD+ to form 4 NADH
Reduce 1 FAD to form 1 FADH2.
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
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10. The Details of the Kreb’s Cycle
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11. Electron-Transport System
NADH and FADH2 release the electrons they received during glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle to the electron transport chain (ETC).
The proteins of the ETC transfer the electrons and use the energy released to pump protons.
Protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
Creates a concentration gradient
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12. Electron-Transport System
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC.
Oxygen accepts the electrons, combines with protons, and becomes water.
The accumulated protons diffuse back into the matrix through ATP synthase.
The energy released from the diffusion fuels the formation of ATP.
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13. The Details of the Electron Transport System
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14. Total Yields for Aerobic Cellular Respiration per Glucose Molecule
Glycolysis
2 ATP
2 NADH (converted to 2 FADH2)
Kreb’s cycle
8 NADH
2 FADH2
Electron transport chain
Each NADH fuels the formation of 3 ATP.
8 NADH x 3 ATP = 24 ATP
Each FADH2 fuels the formation of 2 ATP.
4 FADH2 x 2 ATP = 8 ATP
Total ATP = = 36 ATP made from the metabolism of one glucose molecule.
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15. Aerobic Respiration in Prokaryotes
Very similar to aerobic respiration in eukaryotes
Since prokaryotes have no mitochondria, it all occurs in the cytoplasm.
Makes 2 more ATP because the NADH from glycolysis isn’t converted to FADH2
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16. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Some organisms do not have the enzymes for Kreb’s cycle or the electron transport system.
Some organisms can metabolize glucose in the absence of oxygen.
Metabolizing glucose in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic respiration.
Involves the incomplete oxidation of glucose
Fermentation is an anaerobic pathway that uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor.
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17. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic respiration usually starts with glycolysis.
Glucose is metabolized into pyruvic acid.
2 ATP are made.
The fermentation reactions oxidize NADH to regenerate the NAD+ that is needed in glycolysis.
In the process, pyruvic acid is reduced to either lactic acid or ethanol or another organic molecule.
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18. Types of Fermentation
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19. Alcoholic Fermentation
Starts with glycolysis
Glucose is metabolized to pyruvic acid.
A net of 2 ATP is made.
During alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvic acid is reduced to form ethanol.
Carbon dioxide is released.
Yeasts do this
Leavened bread
Sparkling wine
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20. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Starts with glycolysis
Glucose is metabolized to pyruvic acid.
A net of 2 ATP is made.
During lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvic acid is reduced to form lactic acid.
No carbon dioxide is released.
Muscle cells have the enzymes to do this, but brain cells do not.
Muscle cells can survive brief periods of oxygen deprivation, but brain cells cannot.
Lactic acid “burns” in muscles.
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21. Metabolizing Other Molecules
Cells will use the energy in carbohydrates first.
Complex carbohydrates are metabolized into simple sugars.
Cells can use the energy in fats and proteins as well.
Fats are digested into fatty acids and glycerol.
Proteins are digested into amino acids.
Cells must convert fats and proteins into molecules that can enter and be metabolized by the enzymes of glycolysis or the Kreb’s cycle.
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22. Fat Respiration Fats are broken down into
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Enters glycolysis
Converted to acetyl CoA
Enter the Kreb’s cycle
Each molecule of fat fuels the formation of many more ATP than glucose.
This makes it a good energy storage molecule.
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23. Protein Respiration Proteins are digested into amino acids.
Then amino acids have the amino group removed.
Generates a keto acid (acetic acid, pyruvic acid, etc.)
Enter the Kreb’s cycle at the appropriate place
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24. The Interconversion of Fats, Carbohydrates, and Proteins
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25. The Bottom Line
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used for energy.
Glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle allow these types of molecules to be interchanged.
If more calories are consumed than used
The excess food will be stored.
Once the organism has all of the proteins it needs
And its carbohydrate stores are full
The remainder will be converted to and stored as fat.
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