1. Gary Bates Professor Plant Sciences

2. Goals for forage program Graze as much as possible Spend as little money as possible

3. Yield of tall fescue Ball and co-workers. 1996. Southern Forages

4. Cool-season wheat annual ryegrass rye turnips Annual Forage Species Warm-season sudex pearl millet crabgrass teffgrass

5. Using annuals for forage Pros Double crop High quality Selectivity of species Cons Expense Establishment risk

6. Developing a forage program Start with tall fescue as base forage Use annuals to fill in production gaps

7. tall fescue warm-season grass Ball and co-workers. 1996. Southern Forages

8. Warm Season Annual Grasses ton DM/acre Planted Spring 2009GreenevilleSpringfield Red River Crabgrass 3.73.1* Leafy Green Pearl Millett 4.43.8* PROMAX Sudangrass 5.8*4.0* Greengrazer Sorghum X Sudan 5.1*3.6* Dessie Teff 1.83.3* Tiffany Teff 2.03.9* LSD (P=.05)11

9. Warm-season forage 10-25% of pasture Grazing during June, July, August Allows tall fescue to be rested

10. Yield of tall fescue Ball and co-workers. 1996. Southern Forages

11. Season yield of cool-season annuals Daniel and co-workers. 1983. NC State Univ. Crop Research Report No. 91.

12. Double-cropping forage Warm-season grass Cool-season annuals

13. Key Principles Use tall fescue as base forage species Red and white clover Stockpile in fall Devote 10-25% of land to a warm-season production Bermudagrass Summer annuals Use cool-season annuals to follow warm-season program

14. What about small grains into tall fescue? Wheat Rye Annual ryegrass Will they improve the winter yield of tall fescue pastures?

15. Study information Two winter annuals Two dates N Fertilization Wheat Ryegrass Early - mid Sept Late - mid Oct Fall – 0, 60, 90 lb/acre Spring – 80 lb/acre

16. Effect of overseeding and fall N rate on fall fescue yield G. Bates. 2001. Knoxville Experiment Station. Overseeding treatment Fall N application (lb N/acre) 06090 None76211421445 Ryegrass early68710131050 Wheat early6028241010 Harvested 12/15/01

17. Effect of overseeding and fall N rate on spring fescue yield G. Bates. 2001. Knoxville Experiment Station. Overseeding treatment Fall N application (lb N/acre) 06090 None296448578 Ryegrass early295402502 Wheat early286402484 All plots received 80 lb N/acre in late February Havested 3/15/02

18. Key Principles Use tall fescue as base forage species Red and white clover Stockpile in fall Devote 10-25% of land to a warm-season production Bermudagrass Summer annuals Use cool-season annuals to follow warm-season program