1. Flow Velocity and Turbulence in the Transverse Aorta of a Proximally Directed Aortic Cannula: Hydrodynamic Study in a Transparent Model 
Ikuo Fukuda, MD, PhD, Shingo Fujimori, MScT, Kazuyuki Daitoku, MD, PhD, Hideki Yanaoka, Dr Eng, Takao Inamura, Dr Eng 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 87, Issue 6, Pages (June 2009)
DOI: /j.athoracsur
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Dispersion cannula (model DCT21A, Edwards Lifescience LLC, Irvine, CA). Flow from the cannula tip creates a fan-shaped flow. (A) Frontal view; (B) lateral view in glass aortic model.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Experimental settings. (CCD = charge-coupled device; YAG = yttrium aluminium garnet.)
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 3
Streamline and flow velocity analysis in the model of a healthy aorta is shown in the (A) standard direction and (B) root direction. Flow vector map in the cross-sectional plane is shown in the surrounding schema. (C) Enlarged view of streamtrace and flow velocity distribution in the aortic root is shown in the root direction. Flow velocity is depicted with color scale grading. Yellow arrow indicates cannulation site and direction of cannula tip.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

5. Fig 4
Distribution of shear stress, |D|, in the ascending and transverse arch is shown in the (A) standard direction and (B) root direction in the model of a healthy aorta. The black arrow indicates cannulation site and direction of cannula tip.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

6. Fig 5
Streamline and flow velocity analysis in the model of the aneurysmal aortic arch is shown in the (A) standard direction and (B) root direction. The flow vector map in cross-sectional plane is shown in the surrounding schema. The magnitude of the velocity vector component is expressed in color and length of vector arrow. Yellow arrow indicates cannulation site and direction of cannula tip.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

7. Fig 6
Distribution of shear stress, |D|, in the ascending and transverse arch in the model of the aneurysmal aorta is shown in the (A) standard direction and (B) root direction. The black arrow indicates cannulation site and direction of cannula tip.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

8. Fig 7
Flow velocity vector distribution in each cross-sectional area is shown in the (A) standard direction and (B) aortic root direction. Point 0 mm indicates the cannulation site. Bars indicate range of vector value. Solid squares indicate average value.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions