1. November 20, 2013 Hino Motors, Ltd. Y. Takenaka
HDV Regulation Update
November 20, 2013
Hino Motors, Ltd.
Y. Takenaka

2. Contents
Achievement for 2015 FE Standard
Technical feature of 2015 FE Standard

3. Present Condition of HDV
Registration Vehicles　　　　　 CO2

4. GHG/FE Regulation trends for HDV
Year
'10
'11
'12
'13
'14
'15
'16
'17
'18
'19
'20 ' '
JPN US
EPA
DOT EU
CHN
Legislated in 2006 targeting 2015
Target year and standard are not fixed
Rule making?
GHG Phase I
Final Rule
Rule making?
Phase II
FE Phase I
Draft
Final
Monitor
Proposal
Rule making
Start of 1st regulation is not fixed
2nd Stage of constant speed test
Revised criteria
1st Stage of new Measurement
Final rule of new measurement

5. Improvement by JPN 2015 FE Std.
2002
2015
Improvement
Truck
6.56 (km/L)
7.36 (km/L)
12.2 (%)
Tractor
2.07 (km/L)
2.93 (km/L)
9.7 (%)
Total
6.32 (km/L)
7.01 (km/L)
2002
2015
Improvement
Route Bus
4.51 (km/L)
5.01 (km/L)
11.1 (%)
General Bus
6.19 (km/L)
6.98 (km/L)
12.8 (%)
Total
5.62 (km/L)
6.30 (km/L)
12.1 (%)
Average improvement value in JPN 2015 FE Std. is about 12% during 13 years.

6. HDV fuel efficiency New tax incentives for fuel-efficient LEVs
Reductions in Vehicle Acquisition Tax & Vehicle Tonnage Tax (valid for 3 years from April 2012)
Tax Reduction/Exemption
Requirements
Fuel efficiency
Emissions
Exempt
Compliant +10% compared to 2015 FE standards
NOx & PM down by 10% from 2009 standards
75% reduction
Compliant +5% compared to 2015 FE standards
Compliant w/ 2009 standards
50% reduction
Compliant w/ 2015 FE standards
Compliant +5% compared to
2015 FE standards
EVs, PHEVs, Fuel cell vehicles, Natural gas vehicles 6

7. Compliant w/ 2015 FE standards
HDV fuel efficiency
New purchasing subsidies for fuel-efficient LEVs
Valid from December 2011 through January 2013; Budget depleted in July 2012
Subsidy Amount
GVW Weight Class
Requirements
Total Allocation
900,000 yen
Over 12t
Compliant w/ 2015 FE standards
48.8 billion yen
400,000 yen
　 Over 7.5t
200,000 yen
　 Over 3.5t 7

8. New HDV compliance rate (%) 2015 fuel efficiency standards
Trends in average certified HDV fuel efficiency
New HDV compliance rate (%)
w/ 2015 FE target
2006
Actual
2007
Actual
2008
Actual
2009
Actual
2010
Actual
2011
Actual
2012
Actual
2015
Target
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2015
FE target
2015 fuel efficiency standards
2009 emissions regulations
Fiscal year 年度

9. Contents
Achievement for 2015 FE Standard
Technical feature of 2015 FE Standard

10. Elements which compose FE regulation
Sub-Elements
Issues
Examples
FE Unit -
Transport efficiency or
Easy to understand for everybody
- km/L
- ton.km/L
Vehicle classification
Simpler category is desired, but needs to reflect to real world compexity
- Vehicle type (Tractor, bus….etc)
- GVW, type of cabin
Items of FE effect
Accuracy vs. cost of measurement
Contribution for FE
- Engine, T/M
- Aero dynamic and rolling resistance
Driving Mode
Vehicle speed base or road data base
less complexity vs real world reflection
- Combination of few mode
- Unique mode for each vehicle type
Measurement
Method
Chassis dynamometer
Should Chassis dynamometer measurement be used
Simulation
Should simulation be used
Driver model contents
- Common calculation logic
- Difference of steady and transient
Engine measurement
Number of measurement points
Transient operation effect
- CO2 measurement by engine
- Engine FE map and simulation
Aero dynamic measurement
Measurement methods
Selection of vehicle type, rear body
- Coast down, steady speed drive
- CFD Wind tunnel
Tyre rolling resistance
Measurement method, labeling
- Common tyre measurement method
- How to handle a number of axis
Others
Measurement method
- Driveline drag, Auxiliary drag, etc
Criteria
Limit of FE value or average value
- Averaged by number of sales
- CAFÉ

11. Category for FE standard for Truck and Tractor in Japan

12. Category for FE standard for Bus in Japan

13. Overview of process to estimate FE value in Japan
Fuel
Consumption
- JE05 mode
- High-way mode
Full Torque Curve
Conversion
&
Calculation
Program
Gear ratio, Eff.
Engine
Gear ratio,Eff.
Dia.
T/M
F/G, Tire
Combined
Fuel
Consumption km/L
Select
GVW category
Torque Nm
Fuel flow L/h
(Measured)
- Half payload
- Running resistance
Engine speed rpm 13

14. JE05 is common for FE regulation and emission regulation
Driving Cycle in City
JE05 is common for FE regulation and emission regulation
City
市街地
Highway
高速道路
Vehicle Speed (km/h)
Next, I'll speak about the driving cycles.
Heavy-duty vehicle are used in urban and intercity expressway.
So, both driving cycle have to be examined.
JE05 is representative as urban driving, so, JE05 is decided as urban driving cycle.
Time(s)
This mode was developed as typical City driving pattern in Japan when the rule making of New Long Term emission regulation. 14 14

15. Driving Cycle in Highway
・Constant speed 80km/h
・Tomei Express way with gradient
Gradient %
Therefore, 80km/h constant speed, limit speed of HDV, and grade simulated Tomei expressway is decided as intercity express driving cycle.
Time s 15 15

16. Ratio of Highway mode for each category
Vehicle
type
No.
Max payloadd
Ratio
GVW（ｔ）
（ｔ）
(%) 1
≦1.5 2
1.5＜＆≦2
3.5＜＆≦7.5 3
2＜＆≦3 4 3＜ 5
7.5＜＆≦8 - 10 6
8＜＆≦10 -
Truck 7
10＜＆≦12 - 8
12＜＆≦14 - 9
14＜＆≦16 - 10
16＜＆≦20 - 11
20＜＆≦25 - 30 1
tractor-head GVW　≦20 20
Tractor 2
tractor-head GVW　20＜ 10 1
6＜＆≦8 2
8＜＆≦10
Route Bus 3
10＜＆≦12 4
12＜＆≦14 5
14＜＆≦16 1
3.5＜＆≦6 2
6＜＆≦8
General Bus 3
8＜＆≦10 10 4
10＜＆≦12 5
12＜＆≦14 6
14＜＆≦16 35 7
16＜＆≦20 16 16

17. Idea to determine by Top Runner
Method using population with HV and conv. is adopted in PC but not fixed for HDV.
Target is determined by population ratio
Post 2015 FE Std.
Improvement estimated based on technology
2015 FE Std.
Conv. HV

18. Summary
2015FE standard
Legislation of 2015 FE standard was completed in 2006.
FE improvement target is almost 12% in average comparing 2002.
Government supported by tax reduction incentives and subsidies.
Technical feature of 2015FE in Japan
Simulation based FE value determination.
Vehicle categorize by GVW for truck and bus.
Combination of emission certification mode and highway mode with weighting ratio for each vehicle type.
Target was determined base on 'Top Runner Method'.
FE items of engine, T/M and tire are included.