1. INTERNATIONAL TRADE

2. International Trade - Definition
International trade involves the exchange of goods or services between nations.
This is described in terms of
Exports: the goods and services sold in foreign markets.
Imports: the goods or services bought from foreign producers.

3. Free Trade vs. Trade Barriers
Nations can trade freely with each other or there are trade barriers.
Free Trade: Nothing hinders or gets in the way from two nations trading with each other.
Trade Barriers: Trade is difficult because things get in the way.
There are costs and benefits related to free trade as well as trade barriers.

4. Free Trade - Benefits
When nations specialize and trade, total world output or sales is increased.
Companies can produce for foreign markets as well as domestic markets (markets in the home country).
This means there is potential for making more money as there are more markets to sell goods or services in.
More variety of goods are available from a world market than just a domestic market.
Prices of goods are decreased through increased competition.

5. Free Trade - Costs
The domestic (home) country can lose money because the foreign goods allowed into the market increase competition and make it less likely people will buy domestic products.
Example: In the U.S., people might want to buy a foreign automobile like a Honda or Toyota instead of an American made car.
Increased competition means lower prices.
Less money will go into the domestic market place and this can cause factories to be closed and jobs to be eliminated.

6. Trade Barriers – Three Types
Barriers to trade are things that hinder or get in the way of trade.
They can be cultural, physical , or economic
Cultural barriers: language, currency, or beliefs.
Physical barriers: mountains, rivers, etc.
Example: The Alps Mountains in Europe
Economic barriers: government rules that hinder block or discourage free trade between countries.

7. Trade Barriers - Economic
The most common trade restrictions are:
tariffs, which are taxes on imports.
quotas, which are limits on the quantity that can be imported.
embargos, which are a complete trade block usually for political purposes.

8. Tariffs
A tariff is a tax put on goods imported from abroad and sometimes referred to as custom duties.
It is the most used and most familiar type of trade restriction.
The effect of a tariff is to raise the price of the imported product.
It makes imported goods more expensive so that people are more likely to purchase domestic products.
The money received from the tariff is collected by the domestic government.

9. Quotas A quota is a limit on the amount of goods that can be imported.
Putting a quota on a good creates a shortage, which causes the price of the good to rise and makes the imported goods less attractive for buyers. This encourages people to buy domestic products.
A quota on shoes, for example, might limit foreign-made shoes to 10,000,000 pairs a year. If Americans buy 200,000,000 pairs of shoes each year, this would leave most of the market to American producers.

10. Embargoes
Embargoes are a government order which completely prohibits trade with another country.
If necessary, the military actually sets up a blockade to prevent movement of merchant ships into and out of shipping ports.

11. Embargoes (con’t)
The embargo is the harshest type of trade barrier and is usually enacted for political purposes to hurt a country economically and thus undermine the political leaders in charge.
Such was the case with the Cuban embargo which has been in place since the 1960s.

12. Trade Barriers - Benefits
Most barriers to trade are designed to prevent imports from entering a country.
Trade barriers provide many benefits:
protect homeland industries from competition
protect jobs
help provide extra income for the government.
Increases the number of goods people can choose from.
Decreases the costs of these goods through increased competition.

13. Trade Barriers - Costs Tariffs increase the price of imported goods.
Less competition from world markets means there is an increase in the price.
The tax on imported goods is passed along to the consumer so the price of imported goods is higher.